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Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags - Intelligent / Connected / Active Markets & Technologies - Opportunities & Trends

Best Price Guarantee Length Publisher Published Date SKU
from $5,145 412 Pages Vandagraf International Limited December, 2022 DEGQ17708709
Best Price Guarantee
Price from $5,145
Length 412 Pages
Publisher Vandagraf International Limited
Published Date December, 2022
SKU DEGQ17708709

Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags - Intelligent / Connected / Active Markets & Technologies - Opportunities & Trends

Executive Summary

A number of tipping points are being reached - Big opportunities in Smart Packaging & Labels.
Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags is a broad characterisation that covers a broad diversity of product technologies, features, functionalities & applications - Leading to multiple opportunities (as well as threats) from generic to niche / high value added to commodity scenarios.

Meantime there is intense between technologies as well as individual solution providers. Partnerships & collaborations can be key.

Types of Smart Packaging covered in this report include:

· Outward Looking (Intelligent / Connected)
· Inward looking (Active).

This comprehensive new Vandagraf report constitutes a deep dive into the ramifications & requirements for smart packaging, labels & tags.

Types of Application include: Consumer Engagement / Mobile Marketing, Track & Trace Mass Serialisation, Inventory & Supply Chain Management, Data Analytics, Product Recalls, Brand Protection, Product Authentication & more.

Packaging / labels are an inherent part of the daily lives of consumers everywhere & are a well-adapted carriers for enhanced digital functionalities.

Indeed, the world of packaging is rapidly developing its own extended & mobile global eco-system.

Smart packaging / labels, which are set for a renewed surge of strong growth in coming years.

Tipping points are being reached fueled by:

· A powerful trend to digitalisation across multiple industries (further fueled by the recent COVID-19 pandemic)

· The Internet of Things (IoT), incl. smart packaging & the Internet of Packaging (IoP) - Rapidly expanding

· Smartphones have become ubiquitous - Huge global footprint & installed base - Constantly improving functionality & performance

· The dramatic rise of eCommerce – And the major disruption this is bring to the world of branded consumer products

· Sustainability / Circular economy / Pressing requirements for post-consumer - waste Packaging & labels management & sorting

· Printed electronics – Promise of much lower cost devices than traditional silicon - based chips / antennas – Such components are set to open up huge new markets, that up to now have not been cost-effective for electronic smart packaging solutions

· Requirements for accurate & timely home medicine dispensing (out-patients & also clinical trials)

· Increasing adoption of Blockchain - distributed ledger technology

· Active packaging - And how Active packaging will increasingly operate with connected packaging. Requirements for increased safety & quality - Extended shelf-life.

Companies Mentioned

3M, Amcor, Avery Dennison / Smartrac, AB InBev, All-Tag, Aptar, Bayer, Beontag ,Bobst, Boticario, CCL Healthcare, Clariant, Constantia, Digimarc / Evrythng, Dupont, Eltronis, EM Microelectronic, Federal Mogul, Gerresheimer, GM, Goodyear, Guala Closures, Harvestmark / Yottamark, Hedone, Herborist. Husky, Identiv, IMI, Jabil, Johnson & Johnson / Janssen, Kisico, Logtag, L'Oreal, Merck, Michelin, Multisorb, Nedap, NXP, Opsec Security, Palladio Group, Perfect Diary, Pernod Ricard, p-Chips, PragmatIC, ProofTag, Remy Martin, Ripesense, RR Donnelley, Schreiner, Sephora, Spectra, SML Group, Sproxil, Stora Enso, Surys, Systech, tesa, TempTime, Temp Trip / Sealed Air, TetraPak, Touchcode, Wiliot, Zappar.

& numerous other companies.


Description
This recently published Vandagraf report provides quantitative analysis & market sizing estimates for Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags in 2022 with forecasts to 2027 & longer terms predictions to 2032.

The aim of this research, analysis & report is to identify opportunities & threats arising from the fast-changing scene in smart packaging, labels & tags.

And to structure a comprehensive report to enable smart packaging stakeholders to develop optimal strategies & actionable plans.

And as such, the report can provide a valuable guide for:

·        Smart packaging solution providers to develop fit-for-purpose technologies & collaborations

·        Packaging & Label converters to tailor their offerings to meet the needs of different vertical markets & product categories

·        Brand owners to deploy appropriate smart packaging technologies for optimal results & ROI

·        Other interested parties.

The market contains individual chapters covering the state-of-play in the following selected key markets:

·        Healthcare, Food, Drinks Personal Care, Automotive

·        Scope: Worldwide.

This very comprehensive 400 plus page report is carefully indexed & cross-refenced to facilitate easy navigation & understanding.

VOLUME 1 - Technology Overview
1. AIM & SCOPE
1.1 The Aim of this Research
1.2 Scope
1.1.1 Geographical
1.1.2 Vertical Markets
1.2.3 Device Types – Intelligent / Connected & Active Packaging
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Background to the Report
2.2 Macro Forces
2.2.1 Industry 4.0 – Implications for smart Packaging
2.2.2 The Internet of Things (IoT)
2.2.3 The Internet of Packaging (IoP)
2.2.4 COVID-19 – A Big Impact – Relevant to Smart Labels
3 CONCLUSIONS, OBSERVATIONS & OPPORTUNITIES
3.1 Conclusions
3.2 Observations
3.2.1 Smartphones
3.2.2 Wireless / Electronic versus Optical – Performance / Cost
3.2.3 Wireless / Electronic Devices - Unit Cost Issues
3.2.4 Enhancing Business Cases & ROI
3.2.4.1 Dual Frequency Combi Devices – Greater Functionality
3.2.4.2 Miniaturisation of Wireless / Electronic Devices – New Markets
3.2.4.3 Printed Electronics
3.2.5 Hybrid RFID / EAS Systems
3.2.6 2D / QR Codes
3.2.7 Digital Watermarking
3.2.8 Augmented Reality & the Metaverse
3.2.9 Surface Feature Authentication
3.2.10 Touch Activated Connected Packaging
3.2.11 Time-Temperature Indicators (TTIs)
3.2.12 Other Intelligent / Connected Technologies – RTLS, ESLs
3.2.12.1 RTLS – Real Time Location Systems
3.2.12.2 ESLs – Electronic Shelf Labels
3.2.13 Regulations, Gov’t initiatives & Standardisation of Wireless
3.3 Opportunities
3.3.1 Opportunities by Type of Connected Packaging
3.3.2 Areas of Opportunity – Vertical Markets - Smart Packaging / Labels
3.3.3 Smart Packaging - 9 Distinct Applications
4 TRENDS & MARKET RESTRAINTS
4.1 Trends
4.1.1 Trend - Dramatic Rise of eCommerce - A New Mix of Offline / Online
4.1.1.1 Offline versus Online
4.1.1.2 eCommerce Requires Different Packaging
4.1.2 Trend - New Retail – Omnichannel
4.1.2.1 Achieving Availability across all Channels
4.1.2.2 A Conflict of Interest - Loss Prevention Measures versus Flexible Checkouts
4.1.2.2 Digital Twins - Retail Applications
4.1.3 Trend - Smartphones – A Key Role to Play in the Future of Retail
4.2 Single Platform-Multiple Functionalities-Enhanced ROI
4.3 Market Restraints
5 KEY FIGURES – MARKETS
5.1 The Global Packaging Market – All Types
5.2 Smart Packaging Markets
5.2.1 Key Vertical Markets – Smart Packaging
5.2.2 Evolution of Smart Packaging & Smart Labels
5.2.3 Evolution of Intelligent / Connected / Active Packaging & Labels
5.3 High Growth Technologies
5.3.1 QR codes
5.3.2 Augmented Reality
5.3.3 Other Types of Smart Packaging, Labels Devices
5.3.4 Printed Electronics
6 DEFINING SMART PACKAGING
6.1 Types of Smart Packaging
6.1.1 Intelligent & Connected Packaging
6.1.1.1 Unique ID / Gateway to the Internet – Key USP – Intelligent / Connected Packaging . 40
6.1.1.2 Digital Twins – Enhancing Visibility
6.1.2 Intelligent Packaging
6.1.3 Connected Packaging
6.1.4 Active Packaging
6.1.5 Types of Smart Packaging - Attributes
7 WIRELESS / ELECTRONIC VERSUS OPTICAL APPROACHES
8 WIRELESS / ELECTRONIC SMART PACKAGING / LABELS
8.1 Smart Packaging / Labels Construction – Wireless / Electronic
8.1.1 Smart Packaging Construction – Inlay or Label - Wireless / Electronic
8.1.2 Smart Labels / Inlays - Building Blocks for Smart Packaging
8.1.3 Frequency Ranges - RFID
8.1.4 Read Ranges – Electronic / Wireless & Types of Application
8.2 Cost Effectiveness – RFID
8.4.1 Cost Implications - Specialty vs Commodity Products
8.4.1.1 Printed Electronics
8.4.1.2 Aiming for a Virtuous Circle - Wireless / Electronic Devices
9 NFC (NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION)-SMART PACKAGING
9.1 Overview - NFC
9.2 High Growth Applications – NFC
9.2.1 Reader emulation is projected to witness highest CAGR for the forecast period
9.2.2 Non-Auxiliary products to account for largest share of NFC market
9.2.3 Banking & finance applications
9.3 NFC – Operation
9.3.1 Operation in Fully Passive Mode
9.3.2 Smartphone Automation and NFC tags
9.3.3 Security – NFC
9.3.4 Crypto RFID / NFC Tags – Secure / Unclonable
9.3.5 NFC ‘Tap’ Technology - Connecting to Additional Online Content
9.3.5.1 Example - Digital Coupon delivery
9.3.6 NFC-based Time Temperature IoT Sensor Platforms
9.3.7 Case Study - Veridify UHF or NFC RFID LIME Tag Range
9.4 The NFC Forum
10 RAIN PASSIVE UHF RFID – SMART PACKAGING
10.1 Some Key Attributes of Passive UHF RFID
10.2 Some Features – RAIN RFID
10.2.1 Tamper Evident – RAIN RFID & NFC Tags
10.2.2 ECO-Friendly– RAIN RFID & NFC Tags
10.2.3 Security Considerations – RAIN RFID
10.3 Overcoming Technical Barriers - New Markets for RAIN UHF
11 COMBINATION NFC / UHF SENSOR PLATFORMS
11.1 Some Examples
11.1.1 EM Microelectronic-Marin/Swatch - Dual UHF/NFC chips
11.1.2 CapTag Solutions – Smart-CapTag
11.1.3 Smartrac / Avery Dennison – Web DF Inlays
11.1.4 Case Study – p-Chip – Miniaturisation
11.1.5 Case Study – Parmigiano Reggiano - Kaasmerk Matec - p-Chip
12 EAS (ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE) - ANTI THEFT
12.1 Traditional EAS Solutions
12.1.2 Concealed EAS systems
12.2 Next Generation Hybrid RFID / EAS Systems
12.3.1 Case Study – Nedap State-of-the-Art Hybrid RFID / EAS
12.3.1.1 Nedap iD Cloud Platform - Single Source of Factual Inventory
12.3.1.2 Nedap iSenseGo - RF-based EAS
12.3.2 Case Study – All-Tag – Combined EAS / RFID
13 OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES (EXCL. RFID)
13.1 Passive RFID & Other Wireless Technologies
13.1.1 Passive RFID versus Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
13.1.2 Case Study: IoT Pixels - Wiliot
13.1.3 Increasing demand for Hybrid (RFID + other Wireless) Solutions
14 PRINTED ELECTRONICS
14.1 Printed Electronics - Low-cost IoT Sensor Platforms
14.1.1 Some Key Applications – Printed Electronics
14.1.2 Case Study - PragmatIC
14.1.3 PragmatIC’s ConnectIC®
14.1.4 Some Application Examples- PragmatIC
14.1.5 Ongoing R&D - PragmatIC
15 OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS
15.1 Variable 2D Barcodes (QR / Datamatrix)
15.1.1 QR (Quick Response) Codes
15.1.2 QR Code Statistics—Global
15.1.3 Massive Growth of QR Codes since COVID-19 Outbreak
15.1.3.1 Payments - QR Codes
15.1.3.2 Consumer Engagement - Focus of Advertising Strategy
15.1.3.3 Digital Coupons
15.1.2 China - Dramatic Rise of QR Codes
15.1.3 QR Code Growth - Drivers
15.1.4 Mobile Marketing Tools – QR Codes & Smartphones
15.1.5 The Power of Analytics
15.1.6 A Few Examples of QR Initiatives Triggered by COVID-19
15.1.7 Datamatrix 2D Codes
15.1.7.1 Applications – Datamatrix Codes
15.2 Digital Watermarking
15.2.1 Case Study – Digimarc for Packaging - The Barcode of Everything™
15.2.2 Case Study - EVRYTHNG’s IoT Platform - SmartLabel® DL (Digimarc)
15.2.2.1 EVRYTHNG SmartLabel® DL
15.2.2.2 Benefits of EVRYTHNG SmartLabel DL (Direct Link)
15.2.2.3 EVRYTHNG’s Dynamic Redirection Service
Augmented Reality (AR)
15.3.1 AR Market – All Vertical Markets / All Types of Application
15.3.2 AR - ‘Always-On’ Approach
15.3.4 Trigger Technologies & Augmented Reality
15.3.5 Case Study – Omnichannel Call to Action – AR
15.3.6 Case Study- Bombay Sapphire – AR
15.3.7 Towards the Metaverse with AR
16 COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES
16.1 Surface Feature Authentication - eFingerprint
16.1.1 Artificial Random Feature Generation
16.1.2 Case Study - e-Fingerprint – Systech
16.1.3 How Such Systems Work - Printing is a Dynamic Process
16.2 Touch Activated Connected Packaging
16.2.1 Case Study-SmashBox-Estee Lauder-Touchcode™ Conductive Ink
16.2.2 Case Study - Edding Code - PRISMA ID (Prismade Labs)
16.2.3 Case Study-CapTag Solutions-Interactive-Touch Transfer Technology
16.2.4 Pack Recognition - Visual Search & Product Tagging
16.2.5 Malong Technologies - ProductAI™
APPENDICES
Smartphone Subscriptions Worldwide 2016-2027
Mobile Marketing with Smartphones
APPENDIX – Coding Print Quality is Critical
APPENDIX - Source Tagging
APPENDIX - Traditional EAS Systems by Technology
Acousto-Magnetic Systems
Radio Frequency (RF) Systems
Electro-Magnetic Systems
Microwave Systems
Hard Tags – Detachable / Re-usable
About Vandagraf International
The Vandagraf Approach & Method
Vandagraf Consultancy Projects & Multi-Client Reports
Author Profile
List of Tables
Table 1 Types of Smart Packaging – An Overview
Table 2 Opportunities by Type of Connected Packaging
Table 3 Areas of Opportunity – Vertical Markets - Smart Packaging / Labels
Table 4 Functionalities, Applications & Benefits – Smart Packaging
Table 5 Global Packaging Market – All types
Table 6 Number of Packaging Units Globally by Vertical Market
Table 7 Evolution of Smart Packaging / Smart Labels by Value – 2022 to 2027
Table 8 Intelligent/Connected Packaging/Active Packaging & Labels % Share – 2022 to 2027
Table 9 Intelligent / Connected Packaging / Active Packaging & Labels – 2022 to 2027
Table 10 Intelligent/Connected Packaging/Active Packaging & Labels-2022 to 2027
Table 11 RFID – Passive / Active
Table 12 Breakdown by Types of Smart Packaging Device – 2022 to 2027
Table 13 Printed Electronics – 2022 to 2027
Table 14 Intelligent / Connected Packaging versus Active Packaging
Table 15 Types of Smart Packaging – Attributes
Table 16 Radio / Electronic vs. Optical Platforms – Types of Functionality
Table 17 Passive RFID Operating Frequency Ranges & Types of Application
Table 18 Functionality of Short, Long and Extended Range RFID Radio Electronic Devices
Table 19 Some Key Attributes of Passive UHF RFID
Table 20 Key Performance Characteristics-UHF RFID Chip-based Tags Operating to ISO 18000-6: UHF passive RFID systems for item identification
Table 21 EAS Systems by Type of Retailer by Value Table 22 ALL-TAG Security Label Specifications
Table 23 Comparative Summary of RFID versus BLE
Table 24 Some Examples – PragmatIC Solutions
Table 25 Types of Optical Solutions - 2D / QR / Datamatrix Barcodes, Digital watermarks, Augmented Reality
Table 26 Some Mobile Marketing Tools
Table 27 Types of Additional Content & Interactive Experience
Table 28 A Few Examples of QR Initiatives Triggered by COVID-19
Table 29 Global Augmented Reality Market Breakdown - % Share
Table 30 Types of Players in the Emerging AR Supply Chain
Table 31 Augmented Reality – Technical Functionality – Some Major Suppliers
Table 32 Worldwide Smartphone Installed Base 2017 – 2022 with forecast to 2027.
List of Figures
Fig 1 Smart Packaging - 9 Distinct Applications
Fig 2 Global Packaging Market by Packaging Material
Fig 3 Vertical Markets – Smart Packaging, Labels – 2022
Fig 4 Smart Packaging – Intelligent / Connected / Active
Fig 5 Smart Packaging Construction – Inlay or Label - Wireless / Electronic
Fig 6 Smart Labels / Inlays - Building Blocks for Smart Packaging
Fig 7 Internationally Agreed Frequency Bands - Main Types of Chip-based RFID Tags
Fig 8 Low-frequency (LF) / high-frequency (HF) / ultra-high-frequency (UHF) tags
Fig 9 Radio-Electronic vs Optical Codes for Commodity or Speciality Products
Fig 10 Block diagram of SL900A NFC-enabled sensor from ams
Fig 11 Lime Tag & Veridify Logos
Fig 12 Identiv Tamper evident Circus Tag
Fig 13 Huayuan eco-friendly UHF inlay
Fig 14 CapTag Security Labels
Fig 15 EM Microelectronic-Marin/Swatch - Dual UHF/NFC chips - Inlays
Fig 16 Avery Dennison D Midas Flagtag DF’s dual-frequency inlay
Fig 17 Shanghai HUAYUAN Company Combi EM4423 NFC/UHF Inlays
Fig 18 Smart CapTag Solutions - Labels on Wines (standard and anti-tamper)
Fig 19 Smartrac’s WebDF Inlay
Fig 20 p-Chip – Miniaturisation
Fig 21 Parmigiano Reggiano
Fig 22 EAS Gates & Tags
Fig 23 Callidus Concealed EAS Solution
Fig 24 A Further Step in Multi-Functionality – Omnichannel Management
Fig 25 Nedap’s multi-user app
Fig 26 All-Tag EAS solution
Fig 27 Wiliot System
Fig 28 Wiliot's Reusable Transport Item (RTI) solution - Shufersal
Fig 29 The FlexLogIC Line - PragmatIC Semiconductor
Fig 30 A PragmatIC Wafer
Fig 31 Chinese Train Ticket with QR Code
Fig 32 Steps to creating, monitoring and refining online interactive Advertising Campaigns, with Feedback Loop
Fig 33 Digimarc - Barcode of Everything™ - Looks like this / Performs like this
Fig 34 Digimarc BarCode – With In-store robots
Fig 35 A Digimarc Digitally Watermarked Pack using EVRYTHNG’s Smart Label Platform
Fig 36 Digimarc Code with Smartphone – Multiple Functionalities
Fig 37 Global AR Market Shares in 2022
Fig 38 Omnichannel Call to Action – AR – Carlton Dry Beer
Fig 39 Call to Action – AR – Bombay Sapphire - Experiential
Fig 40 Type of Microscopic Variation that Occur in Printed Barcodes
Fig 41 The Internet of Packaging Stack – with Touch-Activated Devices Positioned vs Radio Electronic & Optically Read Codes
Fig 42 SmashBox - Touchcode™
Fig 43 Edding Code - PRISMA ID (Prismade Labs)
Fig 44 A Demonstrator Confectionery pack - Enabled with Touch Transfer Technology™ Fig 45 Search by image - Enabling shoppers to Search for Products without Text
Fig 46 Acousto-magnetic tags
Fig 47 RF EAS label
Fig 48 EM labels - Available in different sizes and colors
Fig 49 Hard Tag – Detachable / Re-usable.
VOLUME 2 – Selected End User Vertical Markets
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Some Key Observations
1.2 Types of Smart Packaging
1.3 Major Future Trends & Drivers
1.3.1 The Future is Digitalisation across Most Vertical Markets
1.3.2 eCommerce - Dynamic Growth – Multiple Sectors
1.3.3 Loyalty Programmes
1.3.4 Sustainability – Packaging
1.3.5 Combining Intelligent/Active Packaging
1.4 Areas of Opportunity - Smart Packaging
2 HEALTHCARE
2.1 The Global Healthcare Market
2.2 Healthcare Packaging - Overview & Market Sizing
2.3 Drivers – Healthcare & Healthcare Packaging
2.3.1 Shift from Hospitals to Home Care Continues to Shape Packaging
2.3.2 Non-Compliance – Patient Treatment / Clinical Trials
2.3.3 Supply Chain Transformation
2.3.4 Regulations & Serialisation Mandates
2.3.5 Counterfeiting
2.3.6 Sustainable Practices
2.3.7 Ageing Population
2.3.8 Effects of fallout of COVID-19 - Healthcare
2.4 RAIN RFID - Healthcare
2.4.1 Multiple Healthcare Benefits that can be delivered by RAIN RFID
2.4.2 RFID & NFC - Active & Intelligent Packaging – Pharma
2.4.3 Case Study - Beontag / Confidex / DigitalTags / LabID / Temera / Zecode
2.4.4 Stora Enso RFID unit Acquired by Beontag
2.4.5 Case Study – CCL Healthcare - Smart Packaging / Labels
2.4.6 Case Study - SUKU/Avery Dennison/EM Micro-Blockchain/RFID
2.4.7 Case Study - Kisico NFC Plastic Screw Caps - Healthcare
2.4.8 Case Study – Tamper Evident RFID Caps-Medical Applicns - IMI
2.5 Blister Packs - Intelligent / Connected
2.5.1 Case Study – Janssen/J&J – Intelligent / Connected Blister Packs
2.5.1.1 Janssen - Clinical Trial Management - CROdrug Adherence Mobile Medical Apps
2.5.2 Case Study - Constantia Flexibles – Interactive Blister Pack Solutions
2.6 Some Other Healthcare Smart Packaging
2.6.1 Case Study – Sproxil Systems
2.6.2 Case Study – PhutureMed Packaging – Palladio
2.6.3 Case Study Bayer - Serialisation with Holograms
2.6.4 European Medicines Verification System
2.6.5 Lijun Antibiotics - Hologram Security Label – DuPont (De La Rue)
2.7 QR Codes in Healthcare – Dramatic Growth
2.8 Medical Devices
2.8.1 Drivers - Medical Devices market
2.8.2 Restraints & Challenges
2.8.3 Case Study - Aptar Digital Healthcare - ACTIV-VIAL PORTFOLIO
2.8.4 Case Studies - Schreiner MediPharm - Connected Medical Device
2.7.4.1 RFID Tracking Label - Cap-Lock with RFID - Schreiner ProTech
2.7.4.2 Schreiner MediPharm – NFC Label for Autoinjector
2.7.4.3 Smart Vial Kit - Schreiner MediPharm
2.7.4.4 Specialty Labels for Injection Systems - Schreiner MediPharm
2.8.5 Case Study - Qfinity™ Autoinjector Platform - Jabil Healthcare
2.8.6 Case Study – Merck & Gerresheimer Digital Twin Traceability
2.9 Healthcare – Cold Chain
3 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS
3.1 The Global Alcoholic Drinks Market
3.2 Alcoholic Drinks Packaging - Market Sizing
3.2.1 Alcoholic Drinks – Packaging Volumes
3.2.2 Structural Packaging Formats – Alcoholic Drinks
3.3 Drivers & Trends - Alcoholic Drinks
3.3.1 Smart Phone Enabled Connected Solutions
3.3.2 Multiple Security Codes on a Single Pack
3.3.3 eCommerce – Alcoholic Drinks
3.3.4 Premiumisation Packaging for Premium Alcoholic Drinks
3.3.6 Soft & Hard Drinks - Convergence
3.4 Smart Packaging/Labels/Closures-Alcoholic Drinks
3.4.1 Case Study - GCL Holdings - NFC/Tamper Evidence/Non-Refillable
3.4.2 Case Study - Campaign with NFC & AI Technology - Rémy Martin
3.4.3 Case Study – Identiv NFC Smart Packaging – OTACA Tequila
3.4.4 Case Study – AB InBev – Digital Transformation
3.4.5 Case Study - CustomWave RFID Smart Labels - R. R. Donnelley
3.4.6 Case Study - Pernod Ricard Brands - NFC Bottles
3.4.6.1 Pernod Ricard - IoT Demonstration Centre
3.4.6.2 Some Stockholm Absolut Lab NFC Enabled Innovations
3.4.6.3 Pernod Ricard / Malibu Rum - NFC
3.4.6.4 Pernod Ricard / Jameson Irish Whiskey - NFC
3.4.7 Case Study – Romanian Wine - Eltronis Security Labels
3.4.8 Case Study – BubbleTag™ & Other Devices from Prooftag
3.4.9 Case Study - Chateaux Margaux/Lafite-Multiple Security Devices
3.4.10 Case Study-DuPont Authentication IZON™- Smart Phone
3.4.12 Case Study-tesa Scribos-tesa dtect™ App - Smart Phone
3.4.13 Case Study-tesa Scribos/Ramondin-Connected Wine Bottles
3.4.13 Case Study – TetraPak - Non Alcohol-Connected Pack Platform
4 BEAUTY & PERSONAL CARE
4.1 The Global Beauty & Personal Care Market
4.2 Beauty & Personal Care Packaging – Overview & Market Sizing
4.3 Drivers & Trends - Beauty & Personal Care
4.3.1 Digital Engagement
4.3.2 eCommerce – Beauty & Personal Care
4.3.3 Phygital Experiences – Wider Metaverse Movement
4.3.4 Consumer Engagement - Fragrances & Colour Cosmetics
4.3.5 Premiumisation - Premium / Mass – Beauty & Personal Care
4.3.6 Personalisation / Price – Value - Efficiency
4.4.1 Case Study - Sephora – Connectivity/Consumer Engagement/Loss Prevention
4.4.1.1 Sephora Flash - Connected Beauty Store
4.4.1.2 Sephora Mexico – Loss Prevention - Nedap EAS Systems
4.4.2 Case Study – L’Oréal Payfree for Beauty Products
4.4.3 Case Study – Grupo Boticário Brazil
4.4.4 Case Study - Mineral Fusion Cosmetics - DirectLink™ Label
4.4.5 Case Study - SML Group – UHF Label Designs
4.4.6 Case Study - TapLabel - TUOMI
4.4.7 Case Study - Siebersdorf Laboratories – NFC-based UV Sensor
4.4.8 Case Study - Origintag - Alba 1913 – Smart Label System
4.4.9 Some Other NFC Solutions & Demonstrators
4.4.9.1 Poissonier – NFC-enabled Cream Packaging
4.4.9.3 Carl Edelmann GmbH – Folded Carton NFC Demonstrator
4.4.9.4 Texen / E-Ink – Personalised Make-up Compacts and Perfume Bottles
4.4.9.5 Indola Haircare
4.4.9.6 MyPack Connect App
4.4.10 Integration of Tags on Packaging / Labels / Caps
4.5 C-Beauty – Leading the Way
4.5.1 International Brands – Historical Reliance on Chinese Tourism
4.5.3 C-Beauty – Gaining Traction in International Global Markets
4.5.4 Trends in Digitalisation – C-Beauty - Impact of COVID-19
4.5.5 Case Studies – Dynamic C-Beauty Brands
5 FOOD
5.1 The Global Food Market
5.2 Drivers & Trends – Food & Food Packaging
5.2.1 Food Waste – A Huge Problem Worldwide
5.2.3 eCommerce - Fresh & Packaged Food
5.2.4 COVID-19 / eCommerce– Impact on the Food Industry
5.3 Restraints & Challenges – Food Safety Regulations
5.4 Food Packaging
5.5 Cold Chain Packaging Market - Food & Healthcare
5.5.1 The Frozen Food Packaging Market
5.5.2 The Chilled Food Packaging Market
5.6 The Fresh Food Packaging Market
5.7 The Microwave Packaging Market
5.8 Product Traceability – Track & Trace
5.8.1 Case Study - Del Campo - HarvestMark / YottaMark
5.9 QR Codes-Traceability /Consumer Engagement-Food
5.9.1 Case Study QR Codes in Food Packaging – An Example
5.10 RFID - Food Packaging
5.10.1 Case Study – Sodexo – Avery Dennison WaveSafe™
5.10.2 Stora Enso Selfly Store for un-manned Retail
5.10.3 Case Study – Intelligent Fridges / Husky
5.10.4 Case Study – Amcor – Connected Packaging
5.10.4.1 The MaQX System - Digital, Connected Smart Packaging
5.10.4.2 Amcor/JD Farm joint launch NFC-enabled flexible packaging - China
5.10.4.3 Amcor China/Tencent/BMSmart - Internet of Everything/Packaging
6. TTIS, DATA LOGGERS, OTHER SENSORS
6.1 Global TTI (Time Temperature Indicator) Market
6.2 TTIs – Overview & Market Sizing
6.3 Traditional ’Use-by-date’ technology - Limitations
6.4 TTI Technologies
6.4.1 Diffusion-based TTIs
6.4.3 Thermochromic ink technology - TTIs
6.4.4 Case Study - CCL TTI Labels – Smart Packaging
6.4.5 Case Study - Freshness TTI with integrated Bar code with Decay
6.4.6 Case Study - 3M Diffusion based TTI - MonitorMark™
6.5 TTIs – Healthcare
6.5.1 Vaccines – Cold Chain
6.5.2 TTIs – Vaccines – Present & Future Viral Threats
6.5.3 Case Study - Smart Vial Labels - COVID-19 Vaccines – TempTime
6.5.4 Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVMs)
6.5.5 Case Study – TempTrip / Sealed Air
6.5.6 WHO PQS TTI Data Loggers for Vaccines
6.5.7 WHO Guideline E006: Temperature Monitoring Devices
6.6 Digital Time / Temperature Data Loggers
6.6.1 RFID / NFC enabled data Loggers
6.6.2 Case Study - LogTag® Portfolio of PQS Listed Data Loggers
6.6.3 Case Study - Disposable USB Temp. Data Logger-TZone Digital CN
6.7 Other Types of Sensors / Indicators
6.7.1 Gas Sensors / indicators
6.7.2 Oxygen Control Indicators
6.7.3 Shock and vibration Indicators
7 ACTIVE PACKAGING-FOOD/HEALTHCARE
7.1 Active Packaging – Overview & Market Sizing
7.1.1 Major Types of Active Packaging Systems
7.2 Drivers & Trends – Active Packaging
7.2.1 Extending Shelf Life
7.3 Restraints & Challenges - Active Packaging
7.3.1 Regulations
7.3.2 Interaction / Migration Active Packaging Materials & Food
7.4 Types of Active Packaging
7.4.1 Moisture Control – Active Packaging - Dessicants
7.4.2 Case Study – Clariant Healthcare Packaging - Moisture Control
7.4.3 Examples of other Formats - Packets / Canisters / Labels - Moisture Control
7.4.4 Oxygen Scavengers / Absorbers
7.4.5 Ethylene Scavengers / Absorbers
7.4.6 Biological sensors (Biosensors)
7.4.7 Chemical Sensors versus Biological Sensors
7.4.8 Case Study - Aptar Active Packaging Systems - Food
7.4.9 Case Study - Ripening Sensor® - Ripesense - Food
7.4.10 Diffusion Systems (Emitters)
7.4.11 Anti-Microbial Packaging & Materials
7.5 Active Packaging – Healthcare
7.5.1 Case Study – Aptar CSP – Active Blisters – Pharmaceuticals
7.6 MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging)
7.6.1 The Global Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Market
7.6.1.1 Modified Humidity Packaging (MHP)
7.6.4 Drivers & Trends – MAP
7.6.5 Restraints & Challenges – MAP
7.6.2 Packaging Form Factors & Materials - MAP
7.6.6 Types of Gases Used - MAP Technology
8 AUTOMOTIVE – NEW / AFTERMARKET
8.1 Global Automotive - New Vehicles/Aftermarket
8.2 Aftermarket – Automotive - Parts & Components
8.2.1 Offline / Online Sales - Automotive aftermarket
8.2.2 Aftermarket Products – OEM/Certified/Uncertified
8.2.3 Distribution Channels – Aftermarket
8.3 Drivers & Trends - Automotive
8.3.1 Digitalisation
8.3.2 eCommerce - Transforming the Automotive Aftermarket
8.3.3 Regulations
8.3.4 Automotive Electronics / IoT-Connected Vehicles / EVs
8.3.4.1 Automotive Electronics
8.3.4.2 IoT-Connected Automotive Vehicles
8.3.4.3 EVs (Electric Vehicles)
8.3.5 Counterfeit Automotive Parts - Aftermarket
8.4 Restraints & Challenges - Automotive
8.4.1 Very Large Vehicle Parts Databases & Catalogues - Management
8.4.2 Smooth Transition to Electronic Powertrain
8.4.3 Legal Constraints – Eco Friendly Replacement Parts
8.5 Automotive packaging
8.5.1 Types of Automotive industry Packaging
8.5.2 The Global automotive parts packaging market Sizing
8.5.3 Case Study - Intelligent Auto Supply Chain - Opsec
8.5.4 Case Study - GM Europe - Genuine GM Parts - Opsec
8.5.5 Case History - 3T Bicycle Motorparts Protection – Opsec
8.5.6 Case Study - Federal-Mogul Parts - FP Diesel Products - Opsec
8.5.7 Case Study - tesa Scribos - PSA Group - Auto Parts
8.6 Tyres (OEM / Replacement)
8.6.1 Case Study – Michelin - All Car Tyres by 2023 - RFID / IoT
8.6.2 Global Data Service Organisation (GDSO)
8.6.3 Case Study – Goodyear-Blockchain-Nova Labs / Helium Network
8.7 Vehicle Identification Labels
8.7.1 RAIN RFID - Electronic Vehicle Identification (EVI)
8.7.2 Case Study - Tönnjes E.A.S.T. - RAIN RFID-based system
8.7.3 SURYS – IN Groupe – Vehicle Labels Solutions
8.8 Packaging / Labels – Automotive Sector
8.8.1 Automotive Labels – All Types - Market Overview
8.8.2 Automotive Smart Labels
8.8.4 Case Study - Schreiner ProTech-RFID Part Tracking label
9 OTHER MARKETS - SMART PACKAGING
9.1 Other Global Markets
9.1.1 Traceability & Connectivity – Manufacturing – Other Markets
9.1.2 Number of Parts / Components / Assemblies – Aircraft vs Cars
9.1.3 Case Study-Industrial Products/Components incl. Aviation-Opsec
9.1.4 Case Study - John Deere Licensed Merchandise - Opsec
9.1.5 RAIN Enabled Labels - Baggage Handling Labels- Airlines
9.1.6 Active Packaging in Other Industries
APPENDIX - Government Mandates - RFID
APPENDIX - EPCIS
APPENDIX – GSI Digital Link
About Vandagraf International
Author Profile
List of Tables
Notes: Unless otherwise stated
• All market figures listed below are by Value ($ USD)
• All historic and forecast data are expressed in constant terms; inflationary effects are discounted.
• The base year is 2022, with forecasts to 2027.
Table 1 Types of Smart Packaging – Intelligent / Connected / Active
Table 2 Evolution of Global Green Packaging – All Markets
Table 3 Areas of Opportunities by Type of Smart Packaging Solution & Markets
Table 4 Evolution of Global Packaging by Vertical Market
Table 5 Evolution of Global Pharmaceuticals, Medical & Surgical Equipment Markets
Table 6 Evolution of Global Consumer Health Product Markets
Table 7 Evolution of Global Healthcare Packaging Markets
Table 8 Segmentation – Healthcare Packaging Markets
Table 9 Common Pharma RFID Inlays - Avery Dennison Smartrac
Table 10 Evolution of Global Medical & Surgical Equipment Markets
Table 11 Types of Healthcare Related Devices & Equipment
Table 12 Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Markets
Table 13 Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Markets by Volume
Table 14 Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Packaging Markets
Table 15 Evolution of Global Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Drinks Packaging - (a)
Table 16 Evolution of Global Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Drinks Packaging - (b)
Table 17 Typical Structural Packaging Formats – Wines & Spirits
Table 18 Price Ranges – Prestige, Ultra through to Value Brands
Table 19 Evolution of Global Beauty and Personal Care Products
Table 20 Evolution of Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Beauty & Personal Care Packaging - (a)
Table 21 Evolution of Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Beauty & Personal Care Packaging - (b)
Table 22 Evolution of Global Markets - Premium vs. Mass Beauty & Personal Care Products
Table 23 Smart / Intelligent Packaging / Labels (excl. Active) – Beauty & Personal Care
Table 24 Evolution of Global Fresh Food – Volume in Tonnes (thousands)
Table 25 Evolution of Global Food Packaging
Table 26 Evolution of Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Food Packaging - (a)
Table 27 Evolution of Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs - Food Packaging - (b)
Table 28 Evolution of Global Cold Chain Packaging – Primarily Food & Healthcare
Table 29 Global Cold Chain Packaging Market Shares by Product Category - % - 2022
Table 30 Market Segmentation – Cold Chain
Table 31 Typical Temperature Range Requirements – Cool Chain / Cold Chain
Table 32 Global Food Chain Packaging Shares by Packaging Format - % by Type of Packaging
Table 33 Evolution of Global Frozen Food / Global Chilled Food
Table 34 Evolution of Global Frozen Food Packaging
Table 35 Evolution of Global Chilled Food Packaging
Table 36 Global Chilled Food Packaging Market Shares - % - 2022
Table 37 Evolution of Global Fresh Food Packaging
Table 38 Global Fresh Food Packaging Market Shares by Packaging Material - % - 2022
Table 39 Global Fresh Food Packaging Market Shares by Product Category - % - 2022
Table 40 Evolution of Global Microwave Packaging - Susceptors Market
Table 41 Market Segmentation - Global Microwavable Packaging
Table 42 Global Microwavable Food Packaging - Shares by Product Category - % - 2022
Table 43 Evolution of Global Time temperature Indicators (TTIs) Market
Table 44 TTIs – Segmentation
Table 45 Evolution Product Quality Indicators – From Date Codes to TTIs, to Electronic Labels
Table 46 Some examples of Data Loggers with Threshold Values for Vaccine Temperatures
Table 47 LogTag Portfolio of PQS Listed Data Loggers
Table 48 Evolution of the Global Active Packaging Market (incl. MAP)
Table 49 Evolution of Global Antimicrobial Packaging
Table 50 Evolution of Global Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
Table 51 Modified Atmosphere Packaging - Optimal Gas Mixtures
Table 52 Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket & New Vehicles
Table 53 Aftermarket Breakdown – Share % - 2022
Table 54 Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket & New Vehicles - Component Categories
Table 55 Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket Market - Product Types
Table 56 Evolution of Global Aftermarket - Types of Parts – Genuine OEM / Certified / Uncertified
Table 57 Evolution of the Global Automotive Parts Packaging Market
Table 58 Evolution of the Global Tyre Market
Table 59 Evolution of the Global Automotive Labels Market
Table 60 Types of Labels – Coding Method / Function / Application
Table 61 Evolution of Other Global Markets
Table 62 Typical Overall No. of Components - Internal combustion engine versus EVs.
List of Figures
Fig 1 The Interlocking World of Smart Packaging
Fig 2 Global Serialisation Regulatory Snapshot
Fig 3 Example of Linear Barcode – Regulatory Requirement in China
Fig 4 Population over 60 Years of Age by Region
Fig 5 Stora Enso’s Ecotag Technology
Fig 6 CCL Healthcare’s Comprehensive Range of Smart Packaging / Labels Solutions
Fig 7 Kisico NFC-enabled plastic capsule & Holographic Variant
Fig 8 IMI’s Prep-Lock™ Tamper Evident Caps – RFID Enabled
Fig 9 Janssen Smart Adherence Blister Pack with Smartphone
Fig 10 Interactive Blister Packaging - Constantia
Fig 11 Sproxil's Verification App
Fig 12 Sproxil's Solution in Action - Package with Sproxil label and phone showing SMS reply
Fig 13 PhutureMed Packaging – Palladio
Fig 14 Medical Packaging with E Ink Display to monitor the ambient conditions - Palladio
Fig 15 Uniquely-numbered Holograms on Pharma Packs – Bayer
Fig 16 Smartphone Readable Hologram Authentication Aystem - Spectra Systems / InkSure
Fig 17 Prescription medicine pack with DataMatrix Code & Tamper Evidence Features
Fig 18 Lijun Antibiotics - Hologram Security Label – DuPont (De La Rue)
Fig 19 Evolution of Healthcare QR Code Usage
Fig 20 Evolution of Vaccine QR Code Usage
Fig 21 A Range of Aptar Smart Connected Devices - ACTIV-VIAL
Fig 22 Smart healthcare Solution - Digital respiratory medicine - Aptar HeroTracker® Sense
Fig 23 Metered Dose Inhaler Kit - Aptar
Fig 24 Cap-Lock with RFID – Schreiner Protech
Fig 25 Schreiner MediPharm & SCHOT Pharma - Digitised pre-filled syringes with RFID labels
Fig 26 NFC-Label for Auto-injector - Schreiner MediPharm
Fig 27 Digital Therapy Monitoring - Schreiner MediPharm
Fig 28 Specialty Labels for Injection Systems - Schreiner MediPharm
Fig 29 Cellular Qfinity+ Home Hub Solution - Jabil Healthcare
Fig 30 Digital Twin Pre-filled syringes – Merck & Gerresheimer
Fig 31 Cold chain being maintained using ice box while transporting polio vaccine - ‘Last Mile’
Fig 32 Total eCommerce Alcohol Value by Channel
Fig 33 Tap into your Brand’s Full Potential – Guala Closures
Fig 34 Tamper Evident Technology – Guala Closures
Fig 35 Rupture Control Loop – RFID Enabled Tamper Evidence - EM Microelectronics
Fig 36 NFC Integrated in Plastic Closures - Guala Closures
Fig 37 Marketing Campaign with NFC & AI Technology - Rémy Martin
Fig 38 OTACA Tequilla with Identiv Tap & Go NFC Cap
Fig 39 World’s Largest Brewer – AB InBev
Fig 40 CustomWave RFID Smart Labels – RRD
Fig 41 Absolut Vodka - Absolut Capp / ‘Flo Heiss’ Absolut Touch
Fig 42 Mailibu Rum – Smartphone Enabled Consumer Engagement
Fig 43 Jameson Irish Whiskey – Smartphone Enabled Consumer Engagement
Fig 44 Interactive Holographic Labels Promote Wine Provenance and Fight Fraud with Multiple Security Features – Eltronis
Fig 45 Tamper Evident Wine Bottle Label with Integrated Prooftag Technology Feature
Fig 46 Prooftag – Bubble Tag
Fig 47 Chateau Lafite Wine Bottle with Prooftag bubble seal system
Fig 48 DuPont IZON™ System - Presence or Absence of a Number of Visible Dots
Fig 49 tesa Smart Labels - BevSeal™, PrioSpot™, dtect App
Fig 50 tesa Scribos-tesa/Ramondin-Connected Wine Bottles
Fig 51 TetraPak – Non-Alcoholic Drinks - Connected Package Platform
Fig 52 Sephora - Flash Connected Beauty Retail Store & In-store Interaction Using Touch Screens
Fig 53 Sephora Retail Store Entrance with EAS Gates
Fig 54 L’Oreal pop-up shop: payfree and Avery Dennison self-checkout technology
Fig 55 Mineral Fusion Cosmetics - DirectLink™ NFC-enabled Labels on POS Displays
Fig 56 TapLabel – TUOMI
Fig 57 TapLabel with Smartphone
Fig 58 Siebersdorf Laboratories – NFC-based UV Sensor
Fig 59 Origintag - Alba 1913 – Smart Label System - Gallenic Hand Cream
Fig 60 Poissonier – NFC-enabled Cream packaging
Fig 61 Carl Edelmann GmbH – Folded Carton NFC Demonstrator
Fig 62 Texen / E-Ink – Personalised Make-up Compacts and Perfume Bottles
Fig 63 Henkel NFC pilot - Professional Haircare Indola brand
Fig 64 MyPack Connect App
Fig 65 Some Approaches to Integrating Tags on Packaging / Labels / Caps
Fig 66 C-Beauty - Products on Display at Retail
Fig 67 C-Beauty - Florasis Beauty Brand
Fig 68 C-Beauty - Perfect Diary Brand
Fig 69 C-Beauty - Herborist Brand
Fig 70 C-Beauty – Caicui Brand - Sold on the US Amazon Store
Fig 71 C-Beauty – Chando’s Women’s Day campaign #She’s gonna say
Fig 72 C-Beauty – Hedone Brand
Fig 73 C-Beauty – Marie Dalgar’s 2018 I love me as I am campaign
Fig 74 HarvestMark - YottaMark / Weber Marking Systems – Authentication & Traceability
Fig 75 An Example of how a QR code / Smartphone Enabled System for Food can operate
Fig 76 WaveSafe™ Microwave-safe UHF RFID solution - Avery Dennison
Fig 77 SmartChef Powered by SmartFridge
Fig 78 Stora Enso Selfly Store for un-manned Retail
Fig 79 Intelligent Fridges – RFID-enabled self-service food cabinet - Husky
Fig 80 The Amcor MaXQ System
Fig 81 NFC-enabled Flexible Packaging for the Chinese Market – Amcor / JD Farm
Fig 82 CCL TTI Labels – Smart Packaging
Fig 83 Freshness TTI with Integrated Barcode, that Decays Subject to Temperature Changes over Time
Fig 84 MonitorMark™ TTIs – 3M
Fig 85 TempTime Smart Labels on Vaccine Vials
Fig 86 Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) - TemptTime
Fig 87 Disposable USB Temp. Data Logger - TZone Digital Technology, CN
Fig 88 Structure of a Carbon Dioxide Gas Indicator with Fabrication Process
Fig 89 Silica Gel Beads Packaged in a Permeable Sachet - Dessicant
Fig 90 Multi-layer Moisture Absorbent Pad in Food Packaging Tray
Fig 91 Equilibrium-stabiliser Products – Protecting Finished Drug Products / Bulk ingredients
Fig 92 Multisorb StabilOx® Canisters & StabilOx® Sachet
Fig 93 Blister Pack / Sachet Containing Syringes + Dessicant Canisters
Fig 94 Roll of Self-adhesive FreshMax Labels / FreshPax CR Sachets - Multisorb
Fig 95 Oxygen Scavenger Sachets
Fig 96 Elements of a Biosensor – Principle of Operation & Components
Fig 97 Aptar Freshwell Absorbent Packaging Systems - Trays
Fig 98 Some Other FreshWell Absorbent Packaging Systems Variants
Fig 99 Ripening Sensor® TTI Colour changes from Red to Yellow during Ripening Process – Pears
Fig 100 Chlorine Dioxide Pouches Placed Inside Fruit-packing Cases
Fig 101 Aptar Activ-Blister™ Solution – Exploded View
Fig 102 Other Aptar Activ-Film™ Form Factors
Fig 103 Testing the Modified Atmosphere in a Plastic Bag containing Carrots
Fig 104 A Nitrogen Generator for Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Fig 105 Examples – Air Filter & Sparkplug Packaging
Fig 106 OVD Security Label – GM - Opsec
Fig 107 Federal-Mogul Motorparts – Coding (NFC, QR, Linear)
Fig 108 Example of Fake ‘3T Ergosum Ltd’ bicycle road handlebars
Fig 109 Lower bicycle frame with hologram label
Fig 110 tesa ‘Holospot™’ label
Fig 111 An example of a Tyre Label Carrying 2D barcode, logos & text
Fig 112 Michelin Car Tyre with Embedded RFID Tag
Fig 113 The IDePLATE System - Electronic Vehicle Identification
Fig 114 SURYS - Windshield Solutions
Fig 115 SURYS - Carplate Registration Plate Solutions
Fig 116 SURYS - Vehicle Identification System
Fig 117 Schreiner ProTech’s - Poly-Track Cap-Lock label with RFID
Fig 118 Industrial Spares Label with Integrated Hologram – Opsec
Fig 119 John Deere Licensed Merchandise - Opsec
Fig 120 RAIN Enabled Labels - Baggage Handling Labels- Airlines

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