Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market By Vehicle Type (Two Wheeler, Passenger Car, Commercial Vehicle, OTR), By Product Type (Engine Oils, Greases, Hydraulic Fluids, Transmission & Gear Oils), Regional, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2018-2028

Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market By Vehicle Type (Two Wheeler, Passenger Car, Commercial Vehicle, OTR), By Product Type (Engine Oils, Greases, Hydraulic Fluids, Transmission & Gear Oils), Regional, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2018-2028


Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market has valued at USD 2.5 Billion in 2022 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 6.55%. Automotive lubricants are vital fluids that are used in cars to lessen wear, friction, and heat between moving elements in the engine, gearbox, and other vital equipment. These lubricants are available in a variety of forms, each with a specialized function, such as engine oil, transmission fluid, and gear oil. For instance, engine oil lubricates the internal components of the engine, such as the pistons, bearings, and camshafts, guaranteeing their effective and smooth operation. Gear shifting is made easier, and the gearbox is kept cool with transmission fluid. In differentials and gearboxes, gear oil is used to lower friction and heat generation in the gears. Additionally, automotive lubricants are essential for decontaminating, reducing corrosion, and increasing fuel efficiency. To guarantee that these lubricants continue to function properly and increase the life of your vehicle, regular maintenance, including oil changes, are essential.

Key Market Drivers

Expanding Vehicle Fleet and Increased Vehicle Ownership

One of the primary drivers of the automobile lubricant market in Saudi Arabia is the continuous expansion of the vehicle fleet and the increased ownership of automobiles. This growth is attributed to several factors: Saudi Arabia's economic prosperity has led to an increase in household income levels, enabling more individuals and families to afford personal vehicles. The country's sustained economic growth has created a burgeoning middle class with greater purchasing power, driving the demand for automobiles. A growing population, urbanization, and a younger demographic with a higher preference for car ownership have all contributed to the increased demand for automobiles. Younger consumers aspire to own their vehicles for convenience and mobility. The lifting of the ban on women driving in 2018 has significantly expanded the customer base for the automobile lubricant market. Women in Saudi Arabia now have the freedom to own and drive vehicles, leading to an increase in vehicle ownership. The expanding vehicle fleet has a direct impact on the demand for lubricants. As more vehicles are on the road, the need for engine oils, transmission fluids, and other lubricants increases. This driver underlines the fundamental importance of the automotive lubricant market in Saudi Arabia, making it a core component of the automotive industry's growth.

Rapid Industrial and Economic Development

Saudi Arabia has been striving to diversify its economy beyond oil, which has resulted in rapid industrial and economic development. This growth driver has several dimensions: The country's industrial sector has been expanding, leading to the growth of transportation and logistics services. Trucks, buses, and commercial vehicles used in these sectors rely on lubricants to maintain their performance and efficiency. Ongoing construction projects and infrastructure development are demanding more commercial vehicles and equipment. Lubricants play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth operation of heavy machinery and construction equipment. The industrial and economic development of Saudi Arabia creates a substantial demand for lubricants in the commercial and industrial sectors. This includes engine oils for heavy-duty vehicles, industrial oils for machinery, and specialty lubricants for various applications. The automobile lubricant market is poised to benefit from these developments.

Growing Automotive Maintenance Culture

A significant driver for the automobile lubricant market in Saudi Arabia is the growing automotive maintenance culture. Several factors have contributed to this trend: There is an increasing awareness of the importance of regular vehicle maintenance among car owners in Saudi Arabia. This awareness is bolstered by educational initiatives from both the government and the private sector, emphasizing the need for proper maintenance to ensure vehicle longevity and safety. Car owners are becoming more discerning in their choice of lubricants. They are seeking high-quality lubricants that meet the specifications recommended by vehicle manufacturers to ensure optimal engine and component performance. With a growing focus on cost-effective vehicle ownership, consumers understand that regular maintenance, including the use of quality lubricants, can prolong the lifespan of their vehicles and reduce repair and replacement costs. The increased emphasis on automotive maintenance has a direct impact on the automobile lubricant market. Car owners are more likely to invest in high-quality lubricants, resulting in a growing market for premium and synthetic lubricants in Saudi Arabia.

Government Regulations and Environmental Initiatives

Government regulations and environmental initiatives have been crucial drivers for the automobile lubricant market in Saudi Arabia: The government has introduced and enforced emissions standards to limit harmful pollutants from vehicles. Lubricant manufacturers are required to produce oils that meet these standards, driving the development of cleaner and more efficient lubricants. Environmental concerns, including the impact of vehicle emissions on air quality and climate change, have led to increased consumer awareness. Car owners are choosing lubricants that can help reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. As part of the Vision 2030 plan, Saudi Arabia is focusing on sustainability and environmental conservation. The government is promoting eco-friendly practices, which includes encouraging the use of lubricants that have a lower environmental impact. Government regulations and environmental initiatives are pushing the market towards more environmentally friendly lubricants. Lubricant manufacturers are investing in research and development to create lubricants that meet or exceed emissions standards and offer improved fuel efficiency.

Technological Advancements in Lubricant Formulations

Technological advancements in lubricant formulations are a critical driver for the automobile lubricant market in Saudi Arabia: Lubricant manufacturers are continually developing engine oils with better performance characteristics. These advancements include better viscosity control, improved oxidation stability, and enhanced protection against wear and corrosion. Synthetic lubricants are gaining popularity due to their superior performance in extreme conditions, including high temperatures and heavy loads. They offer better fuel efficiency, extended drain intervals, and enhanced engine cleanliness.

Key Market Challenges

Economic Uncertainty and Fluctuations in Oil Prices

The Saudi Arabian economy is heavily reliant on oil revenues, and as such, it is vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. Economic uncertainty and volatile oil prices present several challenges to the automobile lubricant market:

When oil prices are low, it can impact the overall economy, leading to reduced consumer spending. As consumers tighten their budgets, they may postpone vehicle maintenance and oil changes, affecting the lubricant market's demand. Fluctuations in oil prices can also affect the industrial and commercial sectors. When oil prices are high, transportation costs increase, leading to higher operational expenses for businesses that rely on fleets of vehicles. This can result in cost-cutting measures, including reduced lubricant purchases. The Saudi government is actively working to diversify the economy beyond oil through initiatives such as Vision 2030. While diversification is essential for the long-term sustainability of the economy, it may take time to achieve significant results. In the meantime, the oil-dependent nature of the economy remains a challenge. Consumers may become more price-sensitive during periods of economic uncertainty, opting for lower-cost lubricants or extending oil change intervals to save money. This can impact the market for premium and synthetic lubricants. The challenges posed by economic uncertainty and fluctuations in oil prices underline the need for market stakeholders to remain adaptable. Lubricant manufacturers must be agile in adjusting their product offerings to cater to varying consumer budgets. Businesses in the commercial and industrial sectors may need to optimize their fleet operations to cope with changing transportation costs. Additionally, investments in diversifying the economy help reduce the market's vulnerability to oil price fluctuations.

Intense Market Competition

The Saudi Arabian automobile lubricant market is highly competitive, with numerous domestic and international brands vying for market share. This competition is driven by several factors: The lubricant market in Saudi Arabia is saturated with a wide array of products and brands. The multitude of options makes it challenging for consumers to navigate and select the right lubricants. Global lubricant giants and local manufacturers both have a strong presence in the market. The competition between these players leads to aggressive marketing strategies and innovation, which can be challenging for smaller players to keep up with. Price competition is a significant feature of the lubricant market. Price wars can lead to lower profit margins for manufacturers and sellers, making it difficult to sustain and invest in research and development. Educating consumers about the differences between various lubricant products can be a challenge. Many consumers may not be aware of the importance of selecting the right lubricants for their vehicles and may make decisions based solely on price. The intense market competition can be both an opportunity and a challenge. It encourages innovation and keeps prices competitive, benefiting consumers. However, it also makes it difficult for smaller manufacturers to establish a foothold in the market. To overcome this challenge, companies need to focus on product differentiation, quality assurance, and effective marketing strategies that educate consumers about the value of premium lubricants.

Counterfeit and Low-Quality Lubricants

The proliferation of counterfeit and low-quality lubricants in the Saudi Arabian market is a significant challenge. Several factors contribute to the presence of such products: Consumers who are not well-informed about lubricants or are price-sensitive may be tempted by lower-priced counterfeit or low-quality products. This can lead to engine damage and reduced vehicle performance. Detecting counterfeit or low-quality lubricants can be challenging, as they are often packaged and labeled to mimic genuine products. This makes it difficult for consumers to differentiate between genuine and counterfeit products. The presence of counterfeit and low-quality lubricants in the market can negatively impact the reputation of legitimate lubricant manufacturers and sellers. Consumers may become distrustful of the entire market. The use of substandard lubricants can lead to engine wear, corrosion, and reduced vehicle longevity. Consumers may face costly repairs as a result. The challenge of counterfeit and low-quality lubricants emphasizes the importance of quality control, regulatory oversight, and consumer education. Lubricant manufacturers and distributors need to implement robust quality assurance measures to ensure the authenticity of their products. Additionally, government authorities should take steps to curb the proliferation of counterfeit lubricants through stringent regulation and enforcement.

Evolving Engine Technologies and Lubricant Formulations

While evolving engine technologies and lubricant formulations present opportunities for improved performance and fuel efficiency, they also pose challenges in the Saudi Arabian lubricant market: Modern vehicles feature complex engine designs with components such as turbochargers, direct injection systems, and variable valve timing. Lubricants must keep pace with these advancements, requiring continuous research and development. Using the wrong lubricants for advanced engines can result in compatibility issues, leading to reduced engine efficiency and potential damage. Lubricant manufacturers must develop products that are compatible with a wide range of engine technologies. Many vehicle owners may not be aware of the specific lubricant requirements for their vehicles. Consumer education is essential to ensure that individuals use the right lubricants for their engines. Lubricant manufacturers must invest in innovation and product development to create lubricants that cater to evolving engine technologies. This can be costly and requires ongoing research. The challenge of evolving engine technologies and lubricant formulations highlights the need for ongoing research and development in the lubricant industry. Manufacturers should work closely with automotive companies to ensure that lubricants are compatible with the latest engine technologies. Additionally, consumer education is crucial to raise awareness about the importance of using the right lubricants for modern vehicles.

Regulatory Compliance and Quality Assurance

Compliance with regulatory standards and quality assurance is a critical challenge in the Saudi Arabian lubricant market: Complying with the ever-evolving regulatory landscape can be complex for lubricant manufacturers. Different regulations apply to different types of lubricants, including engine oils, transmission fluids, and specialty lubricants. Ensuring that lubricants meet quality and safety standards is vital for consumer protection. Poor-quality lubricants can lead to engine damage and vehicle safety concerns. Manufacturers may need to adhere to a variety of international standards and certifications, which can be a challenge in terms of testing, certification, and compliance.

Key Market Trends

Shift Towards High-Performance and Synthetic Lubricants

One prominent trend in the Saudi Arabian automobile lubricant market is the increasing shift towards high-performance and synthetic lubricants. This trend is driven by several factors: Modern vehicles in Saudi Arabia are equipped with advanced engine technologies, including turbochargers and direct injection systems. These technologies operate under high temperatures and pressures, requiring lubricants that can withstand extreme conditions. Synthetic lubricants, with their superior thermal stability and viscosity control, are well-suited for these modern engines. Both consumers and commercial operators are seeking longer oil change intervals to reduce maintenance costs and vehicle downtime. Synthetic lubricants can provide extended drain intervals, contributing to cost savings and convenience. As fuel prices continue to fluctuate, fuel efficiency is a priority for vehicle owners. Synthetic lubricants, with their lower friction and improved viscosity, can enhance fuel efficiency, providing an attractive value proposition for consumers. The popularity of high-performance and luxury vehicles in Saudi Arabia has surged. These vehicles demand lubricants that can deliver exceptional engine protection and performance, which synthetic oils can provide. The shift towards high-performance and synthetic lubricants is reshaping the market landscape. Lubricant manufacturers are investing in research and development to create innovative formulations that meet the stringent requirements of modern engines. This trend is driving competition among lubricant companies to offer products with advanced technology and improved performance characteristics.

Environmentally Friendly Lubricants and Regulations

Environmental awareness and government regulations related to emissions and sustainability have a significant impact on the Saudi Arabian automobile lubricant market. Several factors contribute to this trend: The Saudi government has introduced and enforced emissions standards to reduce harmful pollutants from vehicles. Lubricant manufacturers are required to produce oils that meet these standards, leading to the development of environmentally friendly lubricants with lower emissions. Increased consumer awareness of environmental concerns, including air quality and climate change, has influenced purchasing decisions. Vehicle owners are seeking lubricants that can help reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. As part of the Vision 2030 plan, Saudi Arabia is focusing on sustainability and environmental conservation. The government is promoting eco-friendly practices, including encouraging the use of lubricants with a lower environmental impact. Saudi Arabia is also addressing the responsible disposal of used lubricants. Regulations and guidelines are being introduced to ensure proper disposal practices, emphasizing the importance of environmentally friendly lubricants. The trend towards environmentally friendly lubricants is encouraging lubricant manufacturers to develop formulations that align with emissions standards and sustainability goals. As a result, the market is witnessing the introduction of lubricants with reduced emissions and improved environmental performance. The emphasis on green initiatives and the promotion of eco-friendly lubricants create opportunities for innovation and market growth.

Increased Focus on OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) Recommendations

There is a growing emphasis on following OEM recommendations and specifications for lubricants in the Saudi Arabian automobile market. Several factors drive this trend: Vehicle manufacturers recommend specific lubricants for their engines to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Using the recommended lubricants helps vehicle owners maintain warranty compliance, which is a significant consideration for many consumers. Modern engines are increasingly complex and designed to operate under specific conditions. Using the lubricants recommended by OEMs is critical to ensure compatibility with the engine's technology and materials. Lubricant manufacturers are working closely with OEMs to develop lubricants that meet the exacting requirements of modern engines. These formulations are designed to deliver the best possible performance, protection, and efficiency. Vehicle owners are becoming more discerning in their choice of lubricants. They want to ensure that the lubricants used in their vehicles meet the specifications recommended by the vehicle manufacturers to ensure optimal engine and component performance. The increased focus on OEM recommendations is leading to a more informed consumer base. Lubricant manufacturers are producing oils that are explicitly designed to meet OEM specifications, ensuring that consumers have access to the right lubricants for their vehicles. This trend emphasizes the importance of quality assurance and ensures that vehicles are operating with the lubricants they are designed for.

Growth of E-Commerce and Online Distribution

The growth of e-commerce and online distribution channels is significantly impacting the Saudi Arabian automobile lubricant market. Key factors contributing to this trend include E-commerce provides an easy and convenient way for consumers to purchase lubricants. They can browse products, read specifications, and place orders from the comfort of their homes or offices, without the need to visit physical stores. Online platforms offer a broader range of lubricant products, including specialty and niche products. This variety allows consumers to explore and select lubricants that meet their specific requirements. E-commerce platforms often offer competitive pricing and discounts on lubricant products. This can attract cost-conscious consumers seeking quality products at the best prices. Lubricant manufacturers and sellers use online platforms to engage with consumers through digital marketing, providing valuable information and resources about lubricants, usage guidelines, and benefits. The growth of e-commerce and online distribution channels is reshaping the retail landscape for lubricants. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores are facing increased competition from online sellers. Lubricant companies are investing in e-commerce strategies, creating online presence, and partnering with online retailers to reach a broader consumer base.

Increased Awareness of Lubricant Quality and Certification

There is a growing emphasis on lubricant quality and certification in the Saudi Arabian automobile lubricant market. This trend is driven by several factors: Consumers are increasingly aware that the quality of lubricants directly impacts the longevity and performance of their vehicles. They prioritize lubricants that offer superior protection and ensure the smooth operation of their engines and components. Consumers and businesses are looking for lubricants that adhere to international quality standards and certifications. Lubricant manufacturers are pursuing these certifications to demonstrate their commitment to quality and reliability. The market has become more competitive, with multiple lubricant brands vying for consumer attention. To stand out in this competitive landscape, lubricant companies are highlighting their product quality and certification.

Segmental Insights

Type Insights

Due to its extensive use in ensuring smooth operation of the vehicle by minimizing wear and tear, engine oil accounts for a sizeable amount of the Saudi Arabian automotive lubricants market share. Additionally, it is inexpensive and simple to find at any vehicle repair shop, which increases its appeal to automobile owners. It also prevents engine overheating by acting as a barrier of defense. It is a suitable alternative for usage in the automotive industry due to its compatibility with a variety of vehicles, including motorbikes, commercial vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles, among others.

Regional Insights

The Northern and Central Region dominate the market in Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market. The Central Region, with Riyadh at its core, is the economic and administrative hub of Saudi Arabia. It has a diverse population, including both Saudi nationals and a significant expatriate community. The region boasts a strong economy, with a focus on finance, commerce, and industry. The Central Region has the highest consumer spending on automobiles, ranging from economy cars to luxury and high-end models. Diverse population contributes to a wide range of preferences, from practical and budget-friendly vehicles to high-performance and luxury cars. Strong economic activity stimulates demand for commercial vehicles and fleets. Makkah Province, part of the western region, is significant for its religious and tourism activities, including the annual Hajj pilgrimage and Umrah. The region experiences a surge in population during religious events, leading to increased traffic and congestion. The western region provides opportunities for car rental companies and transportation services due to the influx of pilgrims and tourists. There is a need for a well-managed and efficient transportation system to accommodate the temporary population increase during religious events. Tourists' preferences for comfortable and reliable transportation options impact the market.

Key Market Players

AMSOIL Inc.

BP PLC (Castrol)

CHEVRON CORPORATION

Eni SpA

ExxonMobil Corporation

FUCHS

Petromin Corporation

PETRONAS Lubricants International

Royal Dutch Shell PLC

TotalEnergies

Report Scope:

In this report, the Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:
  • Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market, By Vehicle Type:
  • Two Wheeler
  • Passenger Car
  • Commercial Vehicle
  • OTR
  • Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market, By Product Type:
  • Engine Oils
  • Greases
  • Hydraulic Fluids
  • Transmission & Gear Oils
  • Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market, By Region:
  • Northern & Central
  • Eastern
  • Western
  • Southern
Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies presents in the Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market.

Company Information
  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
Please Note: Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order. Single User license will be delivered in PDF format without printing rights


1. Introduction
1.1. Product Overview
1.2. Key Highlights of the Report
1.3. Market Coverage
1.4. Market Segments Covered
1.5. Research Tenure Considered
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Forecast
3.3. Key Regions
3.4. Key Segments
4. Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market
5. Voice of Customer Analysis
5.1. Brand Awareness
5.2. Brand Satisfaction
5.3. Factors Affecting Purchase Decision
6. Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market Outlook
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Volume & Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis (Two Wheeler, Passenger Car, Commercial Vehicle, OTR)
6.2.2. By Product Type Market Share Analysis (ICE, Electric)
6.2.3. By Transmission Type Market Share Analysis (Manual, Automatic)
6.2.4. By Regional Market Share Analysis
6.2.4.1. Northern and Central Market Share Analysis
6.2.4.2. Eastern Market Share Analysis
6.2.4.3. Western Market Share Analysis
6.2.4.4. Southern Market Share Analysis
6.2.5. By Company Market Share Analysis (Top 5 Companies, Others - By Value, 2022)
6.3. Saudi Arabia Automobile Lubricant Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.1. By Vehicle Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.2. By Product Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.3. By Transmission Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
6.3.4. By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
7. Saudi Arabia Northern & Central Automobile Lubricant Market Outlook
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Volume & Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
7.2.2. By Product Type Market Share Analysis
8. Saudi Arabia Eastern Automobile Lubricant Market Outlook
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Volume & Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
8.2.2. By Product Type Market Share Analysis
9. Saudi Arabia Western Automobile Lubricant Market Outlook
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Volume & Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
9.2.2. By Product Type Market Share Analysis
10. Saudi Arabia Southern Automobile Lubricant Market Outlook
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Volume & Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Vehicle Type Market Share Analysis
10.2.2. By Product Type Market Share Analysis
11. SWOT Analysis
11.1. Strength
11.2. Weakness
11.3. Opportunities
11.4. Threats
12. Market Dynamics
12.1. Market Drivers
12.2. Market Challenges
13. Market Trends and Developments
14. Policy & Regulatory Landscape
15. Saudi Arabia Economic Profile
16. Competitive Landscape
16.1. Company Profiles (Up to 10 Major Companies)
16.1.1. AMSOIL Inc.
16.1.1.1. Company Details
16.1.1.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.1.3. Recent Developments
16.1.1.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.2. BP PLC (Castrol).
16.1.2.1. Company Details
16.1.2.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.2.3. Recent Developments
16.1.2.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.3. Chevron Corporation.
16.1.3.1. Company Details
16.1.3.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.3.3. Recent Developments
16.1.3.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.4. Eni SpA
16.1.4.1. Company Details
16.1.4.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.4.3. Recent Developments
16.1.4.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.5. ExxonMobil Corporation
16.1.5.1. Company Details
16.1.5.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.5.3. Recent Developments
16.1.5.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.6. FUCHS
16.1.6.1. Company Details
16.1.6.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.6.3. Recent Developments
16.1.6.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.7. Petromin Corporation
16.1.7.1. Company Details
16.1.7.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.7.3. Recent Developments
16.1.7.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.8. PETRONAS Lubricants International
16.1.8.1. Company Details
16.1.8.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.8.3. Recent Developments
16.1.8.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.9. Royal Dutch Shell PLC
16.1.9.1. Company Details
16.1.9.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.9.3. Recent Developments
16.1.9.4. Key Management Personnel
16.1.10. TotalEnergies
16.1.10.1. Company Details
16.1.10.2. Key Product Offered
16.1.10.3. Recent Developments
16.1.10.4. Key Management Personnel
17. Strategic Recommendations
17.1. Key Focus Areas
17.1.1. Target Regions
17.1.2. Target By Vehicle Type
17.1.3. Target By Product Type
18. About Us & Disclaimer

Download our eBook: How to Succeed Using Market Research

Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.

Download eBook
Cookie Settings