Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028

Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028


Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market has valued at USD 32.49 Billion in 2022 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 8.49% through 2028. Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that works by blocking certain proteins in cancer cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack cancer more effectively. Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the global population ages, the incidence of cancer is expected to increase, creating a growing demand for cancer treatments including checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer market. According to the World Health Organization, Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, killing nearly 10 million people in 2020, or nearly one in six. For instance, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital is conducting a phase I trial of GSL synthetase inhibitors alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of patients with advanced relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies and previously treated solid tumors.

Key Market Drivers

Rapid Advances in Immunotherapy Research

Rapid advances in immunotherapy research are poised to propel the growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. As innovative therapies emerge, addressing the challenges posed by checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers, a surge in market demand is anticipated. Immunotherapy, with its ability to harness the body's immune system to combat cancer, is a focal point of research, offering new avenues for treatment-resistant cases. These breakthroughs instill confidence among healthcare providers and stakeholders, creating a conducive environment for market expansion. With ongoing clinical trials and evolving treatment protocols, the market is witnessing a transformative shift in the management of checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. The promise of enhanced patient outcomes and improved survival rates is driving investments and collaborations within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors. As regulatory approvals and commercialization strategies align with research milestones, the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market is set to experience substantial growth. Stakeholders should strategically position themselves to capitalize on these advancements, recognizing the potential for both medical breakthroughs and profitable business opportunities in this dynamic and evolving landscape.

Burgeoning Understanding of Tumor Microenvironment

The burgeoning understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is poised to be a catalyst for driving growth in the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. As researchers delve deeper into the intricacies of the TME, a nuanced comprehension of the complex interplay between cancer cells and their surrounding environment is emerging. This deeper insight enables the development of targeted therapies that address the unique challenges posed by checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers within the TME. Innovations stemming from this enhanced understanding are paving the way for novel treatment strategies, offering a more tailored and effective approach to combat resistant cancers. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly focusing on TME-centric drug development, with a growing pipeline of therapeutics designed to modulate the immune response in the specific context of the tumor's microenvironment. Investors and industry stakeholders are recognizing the pivotal role of TME research in reshaping the landscape of checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer treatment. Strategic collaborations and investments in technologies that decipher the TME intricacies are becoming key drivers for market growth. This evolving paradigm underscores the imperative for businesses to align their strategies with the expanding knowledge of TME, positioning themselves to capitalize on the opportunities arising in the dynamic Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market.

Government Initiatives and Regulatory Support

Government initiatives and regulatory support are anticipated to be pivotal drivers in propelling the growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. Increased recognition of the pressing need for innovative solutions in cancer treatment has prompted governments worldwide to foster an environment conducive to research and development. Robust funding programs and grants are incentivizing pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to invest in the development of novel therapies targeting checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. Furthermore, regulatory bodies are actively streamlining approval processes and providing accelerated pathways for breakthrough treatments, facilitating a more efficient route to market for these specialized drugs. The alignment of regulatory frameworks with the urgency of addressing unmet medical needs in oncology creates a supportive ecosystem for industry players. As governments and regulatory agencies prioritize the advancement of cancer therapeutics, businesses operating in the checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer space stand to benefit from reduced development timelines and enhanced market access. The collaborative efforts between public institutions and private enterprises foster an environment where innovation flourishes, laying the foundation for sustained growth in the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. Companies should strategically position themselves to leverage these supportive measures and contribute to the evolving landscape of cancer care.

Key Market Challenges

Intrinsic Tumor Heterogeneity

Intrinsic tumor heterogeneity presents a formidable obstacle that can impede the growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. The inherent diversity in genetic and molecular profiles within tumors of individual patients poses challenges in developing universally effective therapies. This complexity complicates the identification of specific targets for checkpoint inhibitors, hindering the creation of treatments that can comprehensively address the varied facets of tumor heterogeneity. The intricate landscape of intrinsic tumor heterogeneity not only extends the timelines and costs associated with drug development but also raises uncertainties regarding treatment outcomes. Tailoring therapies to the unique genetic makeup of each patient becomes a daunting task, demanding sophisticated diagnostic tools and personalized treatment strategies. The market's growth potential is hampered as the demand for precision medicine intensifies. Addressing intrinsic tumor heterogeneity necessitates innovative solutions such as advanced genomic profiling and artificial intelligence-driven analytics to unravel the complexities of individual tumors. Industry players must navigate these challenges strategically, investing in technologies that enable a nuanced understanding of tumor heterogeneity to ensure the development of more targeted and efficacious checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer treatments.

Limited Biomarker Validation

Limited biomarker validation stands as a formidable hindrance to the growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. Biomarkers are pivotal in identifying patients who would benefit most from checkpoint inhibitor therapies, aiding in treatment selection and predicting responses. However, the insufficient validation of these biomarkers introduces uncertainties, impacting the reliability and effectiveness of treatment strategies. The absence of widely validated biomarkers impedes the development of targeted therapies and complicates the regulatory approval process. Healthcare providers face challenges in accurately identifying eligible patients, potentially leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes and increased healthcare costs. The industry's ability to deliver personalized and precision medicine is stymied, as the lack of validated biomarkers undermines the confidence of clinicians and investors alike. Addressing this bottleneck requires substantial investment in rigorous clinical validation studies and collaborative efforts between pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and regulatory bodies. Successful biomarker validation not only enhances treatment efficacy but also fosters greater confidence in the market, ultimately driving widespread adoption of checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer therapies and fueling the market's sustained growth.

Key Market Trends

Combination Therapies and Synergistic Approaches

The growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market is poised to be significantly propelled by the adoption of combination therapies and synergistic approaches. Recognizing the complex nature of cancer, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly exploring the synergies between checkpoint inhibitors and complementary treatments, such as targeted therapies, immunomodulators, or traditional chemotherapy. Combination therapies offer a multi-faceted approach, addressing diverse mechanisms involved in tumor resistance and enhancing overall treatment effectiveness. Synergistic combinations not only improve response rates but also have the potential to overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. This strategic approach is reshaping the treatment landscape, providing more comprehensive solutions for patients with refractory cancers. The market's growth is driven by the accelerated development and clinical validation of these combination therapies, supported by collaborative efforts among industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies. Investors are increasingly attracted to the potential of these innovative treatment approaches, fostering a dynamic ecosystem that encourages further advancements. As combination therapies demonstrate improved clinical outcomes and gain regulatory approvals, they are expected to become a cornerstone in the management of checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers, driving sustained market growth and offering new avenues for therapeutic innovation. Industry players should position themselves strategically to capitalize on these emerging opportunities in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment.

Focus on Tumor Microenvironment Modulation

The growth trajectory of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market is being markedly influenced by a strategic focus on tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation. Recognizing the pivotal role of TME in influencing treatment responses, pharmaceutical and biotech companies are intensifying efforts to develop therapies that specifically target and modulate the microenvironment surrounding cancer cells. Innovations in TME modulation involve tailoring treatments to disrupt the immunosuppressive elements within the tumor, making it more susceptible to checkpoint inhibitor therapies. This approach not only enhances the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors but also addresses the challenges posed by tumor heterogeneity and resistance. This strategic emphasis on TME modulation is attracting significant investments and fostering collaborations across the industry. As promising preclinical and clinical results emerge, regulatory bodies are increasingly recognizing the importance of these advancements, expediting the development and approval processes. The evolving landscape, driven by a keen focus on TME, is reshaping the market dynamics, offering a paradigm shift in the treatment of checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. Companies that position themselves at the forefront of TME modulation research are likely to drive the market's growth, providing innovative solutions that meet the urgent medical needs in this specialized therapeutic domain.

Segmental Insights

Type Insights

Based on the Type, the PD-1 Inhibitor segment is anticipated to witness substantial market growth throughout the forecast period. The growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market is strongly influenced by the prominence of PD-1 inhibitors. PD-1 inhibitors, a class of immunotherapies, play a pivotal role in unleashing the body's immune response against cancer cells by blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway. As a cornerstone of checkpoint inhibitor therapy, PD-1 inhibitors have demonstrated significant efficacy in various cancers. Their widespread adoption stems from their ability to overcome resistance mechanisms and address checkpoint inhibitor refractory cases. PD-1 inhibitors exhibit versatility, showing promise across diverse tumor types, thereby expanding their market applicability. As a result, pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in the development and clinical validation of PD-1 inhibitors, both as monotherapies and in combination with other agents. The market's growth is driven by the expanding repertoire of PD-1 inhibitors, supported by robust clinical evidence and regulatory approvals. As the demand for effective checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancer treatments intensifies, PD-1 inhibitors are positioned to be key revenue generators, shaping the market landscape and driving innovation in immunotherapeutic approaches. Industry stakeholders should strategically position themselves to capitalize on the immense potential of PD-1 inhibitors in meeting the evolving needs of cancer patients globally.

Application Insights

Based on the Application segment, the Hodgkin Lymphoma segment has been the dominant force in the market. The growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market is set to be significantly driven by the unique position of Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) within this therapeutic landscape. Hodgkin Lymphoma, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, has demonstrated a notable responsiveness to checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD-1 inhibitors like pembrolizumab and nivolumab. As a flagship indication for checkpoint inhibitor success, the positive clinical outcomes in refractory or relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma cases have underscored the potential of these immunotherapies. The remarkable efficacy in HL has led to expanded regulatory approvals and an increasing acceptance of checkpoint inhibitors as a standard treatment option. The success in HL not only establishes checkpoint inhibitors as a viable therapeutic approach but also serves as a catalyst for broader applications across various cancers. This has attracted substantial investments from pharmaceutical companies and heightened interest from clinicians, driving research and development efforts. The unique dynamics of Hodgkin Lymphoma, acting as a trailblazer in checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers, positions it as a key driver for the overall market growth. Industry players should leverage these insights, focusing on advancements in checkpoint inhibitors for HL, to capitalize on the expanding opportunities within the evolving landscape of cancer therapeutics.

Regional Insights

North America, specifically the Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market, dominated the market in 2022, primarily due to The North America region is poised to be a major driver in propelling the growth of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. With its robust healthcare infrastructure, strong research and development capabilities, and a substantial market demand for advanced cancer therapies, North America stands as a primary hub for the development and commercialization of checkpoint inhibitors. The region benefits from a progressive regulatory environment that expedites the approval process for novel cancer treatments, providing a conducive landscape for pharmaceutical and biotech companies. Moreover, the presence of key industry players, cutting-edge research institutions, and a high level of healthcare expenditure contribute to the region's leadership in advancing checkpoint inhibitor research. Additionally, a well-established network of oncology clinics and a patient population actively seeking innovative cancer treatments further drive the market's growth. As North America continues to witness collaborations between industry and academia, coupled with strategic investments in immunotherapeutic advancements, it solidifies its position as a frontrunner in steering the expansion of the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market. Companies aiming to capitalize on this growth trajectory should strategically position themselves within this dynamic and influential market.

Key Market Players

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.

AstraZeneca plc.

Merck KGaA

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd

Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc

Pfizer Inc

Janssen Global Services, LLC

4SC AG

Mirati Therapeutics, Inc.

Ascentage Pharma.

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:
  • Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market, By Type:
  • PD-1 Inhibitor
  • PD-L1 Inhibitor
  • Others
  • Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market, By Application:
  • Lung Cancer
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Melanoma
  • Hodgkin Lymphoma
  • Others
  • Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market, By Region:
  • North America
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Europe
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • Spain
  • Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • India
  • Japan
  • Australia
  • South Korea
  • South America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
  • South Africa
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Kuwait
  • Turkey
  • Egypt
Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market.

Company Information
  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).
Please Note: Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order. Single User license will be delivered in PDF format without printing rights


1. Product Overview
1.1. Market Definition
1.2. Scope of the Market
1.2.1. Markets Covered
1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations
3. Executive Summary
3.1. Overview of the Market
3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends
4. Voice of Customer
5. Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
5.1. Market Size & Forecast
5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
5.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
5.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
5.2.3. By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa)
5.2.4. By Company (2022)
5.3. Market Map
5.3.1 By Type
5.3.2 By Application
5.3.3 By Region
6. North America Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
6.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
6.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
6.2.3. By Country
6.3. North America: Country Analysis
6.3.1. United States Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.3.1.1.1. By Value
6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.3.1.2.1. By Type
6.3.1.2.2. By Application
6.3.2. Canada Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.3.2.1.1. By Value
6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.3.2.2.1. By Type
6.3.2.2.2. By Application
6.3.3. Mexico Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
6.3.3.1.1. By Value
6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
6.3.3.2.1. By Type
6.3.3.2.2. By Application
7. Europe Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
7.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
7.2.3. By Country
7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
7.3.1. France Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.1.1.1. By Value
7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.1.2.1. By Type
7.3.1.2.2. By Application
7.3.2. Germany Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.2.1.1. By Value
7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.2.2.1. By Type
7.3.2.2.2. By Application
7.3.3. United Kingdom Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.3.1.1. By Value
7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.3.2.1. By Type
7.3.3.2.2. By Application
7.3.4. Italy Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.4.1.1. By Value
7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.4.2.1. By Type
7.3.4.2.2. By Application
7.3.5. Spain Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
7.3.5.1.1. By Value
7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
7.3.5.2.1. By Type
7.3.5.2.2. By Application
8. Asia-Pacific Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
8.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
8.2.3. By Country
8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
8.3.1. China Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.1.1.1. By Value
8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.1.2.1. By Type
8.3.1.2.2. By Application
8.3.2. India Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.2.1.1. By Value
8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.2.2.1. By Type
8.3.2.2.2. By Application
8.3.3. Japan Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.3.1.1. By Value
8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.3.2.1. By Type
8.3.3.2.2. By Application
8.3.4. South Korea Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.4.1.1. By Value
8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.4.2.1. By Type
8.3.4.2.2. By Application
8.3.5. Australia Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
8.3.5.1.1. By Value
8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
8.3.5.2.1. By Type
8.3.5.2.2. By Application
9. South America Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
9.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
9.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
9.2.3. By Country
9.3. South America: Country Analysis
9.3.1. Brazil Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.1.1.1. By Value
9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.1.2.1. By Type
9.3.1.2.2. By Application
9.3.2. Argentina Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.2.1.1. By Value
9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.2.2.1. By Type
9.3.2.2.2. By Application
9.3.3. Colombia Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
9.3.3.1.1. By Value
9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
9.3.3.2.1. By Type
9.3.3.2.2. By Application
10. Middle East and Africa Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
10.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.2.1. By Type (PD-1 Inhibitor, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Others)
10.2.2. By Application (Lung Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Others)
10.2.3. By Country
10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
10.3.1. South Africa Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.1.1.1. By Value
10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.1.2.1. By Type
10.3.1.2.2. By Application
10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.2.1.1. By Value
10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.2.2.1. By Type
10.3.2.2.2. By Application
10.3.3. UAE Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market Outlook
10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
10.3.3.1.1. By Value
10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
10.3.3.2.1. By Type
10.3.3.2.2. By Application
11. Market Dynamics
11.1. Drivers
11.2. Challenges
12. Market Trends & Developments
12.1. Recent Development
12.2. Mergers & Acquisitions
12.3. Product Launches
13. Global Checkpoint Inhibitor Refractory Cancer Market: SWOT Analysis
14. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
14.1. Competition in the Industry
14.2. Potential of New Entrants
14.3. Power of Suppliers
14.4. Power of Customers
14.5. Threat of Substitute Products
15. Competitive Landscape
15.1. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
15.1.1. Business Overview
15.1.2. Product Offerings
15.1.3. Recent Developments
15.1.4. Financials (As Reported)
15.1.5. Key Personnel
15.1.6. SWOT Analysis
15.2. AstraZeneca plc.
15.3. Merck KGaA
15.4. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
15.5. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc
15.6. Pfizer Inc
15.7. Janssen Global Services, LLC
15.8. 4SC AG
15.9. Mirati Therapeutics, Inc.
15.10. Ascentage Pharma.
16. Strategic Recommendations

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