Transformer Report 2023 Ed 11 – Vol. 1 & 2
Vol 1 Market Analysis
Chapter 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 2 – ACCURACY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ERROR
For the first time, we have conducted statistical analysis of error to determine the accuracy of this Transformer Report. The overall relative error of the estimate of the global market is 9%. Regional figures are provided in Chapter 2 and individual figures for each country in Table 156.
Chapter 3 - THE WORLD MARKET FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Demand for the world, regions and each country for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value. Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. The ratio of transformer capacity to generating capacity.
Chapter 4 - NORTH AMERICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS (USA, CANADA, MEXICO)
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value. Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Market drivers and utility investment are outlined. The manufacturing industry is analysed in detail by transformer category; LPT, power, medium power transformers, liquid and dry type MV transformers, LV dry type. Purchase influences and delivery channels are analysed. Efficiency are outlined. Extensive company profiles for each country . Detailed market shares for USA, Canada and Mexico for all transformer producers with transformer sales > USD 5 million.
Chapter 5 – LAC TRANSFORMER MARKET
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value, for South America, Central America and major markets ((Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Peru). Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Market drivers. Extensive company profiles. Detailed market shares for Brazil for all transformer producers with transformer sales > USD 5 million.
Chapter 6 - EUROPEAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value, for Europe, EU and each of 33 countries. Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. A review of the major European markets and utility system is provided. Market drivers. Extensive company profiles. Detailed market shares for Europe for all transformer producers with transformer sales > USD 5 million.
Chapter 7 – CIS TRANSFORMER MARKET
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value, for the CIS, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Market drivers. The major Russian and Ukrainian transformers are profiled. A caution is added regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its consequences.
Chapter 8 – AFRICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value, for North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa and major countries (North Africa - Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia; Sub-Saharan Africa - South Africa, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania). Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Major company profiles.
Chapter 9 - MIDDLE EASTERN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, for 2020, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value for the region and major countries (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, UAE, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Syria, Yemen). Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by countries and transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Market outline and company profiles for Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and United Arab Emirates.
Chapter 10 - CHINESE TRANSFORMER MARKETS
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value. Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Utility and market commentary and major Chinese company profiles.
Chapter 11 - ASIA PACIFIC TRANSFORMER MARKETS
Demand for oil-filled power and distribution transformers and dry-type MV and LV transformers is forecast in MVA and nominal $ values, with 2021 as base year and forecast to 2028, in MVA capacity and nominal market value, for the region and major countries (Japan, India, Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam). Similar market sizes and forecasts are given in MVA for central and distributed GSU transformers (CGSU and DGSU respectively), power transformers (PT), distribution transformers (DT) and dry-type transformers. Also, analysis of power transformers, distribution transformers, MV dry-type and LV dry-type transformers by production/imports/exports and markets. The installed base of transformers is analysed by transformer category - CGSU, PT network, DGSU, DT network. Utility, market profiles and profiles of major manufacturers in India, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. An interesting analysis is provided of investment as a % of GDP, which shows clearly the dominance of the Asian countries and MENA with implications for markets. Detailed market shares for India for all transformer producers with transformer sales > USD 5 million.
Chapter 12 - PRICE TRENDS AND FACTORS DRIVING TRANSFORMER PRICES
In recent years, the prices of electrotechnical products have been volatile due to variations in many factors which affect them. Price trends are reviewed with commentary on PPI - Producer Price Index, industry trends, production capacity, and the manufacturing input cost composition. A review of electrical steel production and capacity is included.
Chapter 13 - THE LONG-TERM DEMAND CYCLE 1900-2050
Long term trends and demand cycles for transformers based on the historical data for generating and transformer capacity, from 1900 to 2022 and forecast to 2050. Power transformers have along service lives, often 40 years or more, with some still in service aged 60-80 years and even a few 100 years old. It is therefore essential to plot long term installed capacity. There are variations between countries, which are the result of different network designs and voltage classes. The ratios are given for every country at four stages; GSU, power network, distribution network and total generator transformer capacity.
Chapter 14 - TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Analysis of companies’ production capacity and analysis by country and region. Transformer production capacity is multi-tiered. Tier 1 consists of the well established companies operating to recognised standards, producing transformers and related products to international standards.
Chapter 15 - RECENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL AND DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER CAPACITY
The generation landscape is experiencing a radical realignment. Distributed generation has increased and the growth of central generation has slowed down, due to the sudden acceleration of renewable power generation, which is being fed into the transmission networks and also into the MV distribution networks. This is plotted for every country from 1990 to 2030, derived from the new StatPlan model.
Chapter 16 - TOP 40 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF TRANSFORMERS
Imports and exports of oil-filled<650 kVA, 650 kVA-10 MVA, >10 MVA, dry-type 1<16 kVA, 16-500 kVA, > 500 kVA; all importers and exporters and top 35. Also analysis my voltage - PT, DT, Dry-type MV, dry-type LV.
Chapter 17 - THE CALCULATION OF ACCURACY
3 stages of statistical error analysis – the calculation of the propagation of error
Chapter 18 - METHODOLOGY
Methodology of the StatPlan Transformer Report prior to Ed 10 2022 – Methodology of long term demand trends - The need for a new methodology by 2022 to reflect the energy transition - The new methodology of Ed 10, 2022 - The linkages in the estimation of the different aspects of the transformer market - Estimation of CGSU and DGSU transformer capacity - Generating capacity database - Model for the estimation of central and distributed generating CGSU and DGSU transformers based on generating capacity (MW) - Model for the estimation of utility- and industry-owned distribution transformer capacity - The estimation of utility- and industry-owned transmission transformer capacity - The current market size for transformers - Estimation from company sales - 57 countries - Estimation from growth of MVA capacity – 27 countries - Estimation from national production data – 2 countries - Forecasting the transformer market (USD and MVA).
Vol 2 Market and Industry Commentary
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 3 - TRANSFORMER TYPES - GSU, POWER AND DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are used in the electrical networks everywhere; in power plants, substations, industrial plants, buildings, data centres, railway vehicles, ships, wind turbines, in the electronic devices, underground, and even undersea. Due to peculiarities of all these applications, many different types of transformers have been developed. There are various ways of classifying transformers, by phase (single- or three- phase), the technologies for designing and manufacturing the transformers (core type/shell type), insulation (liquid oil-filled, gas filled, dry-type) and application.
Chapter 4 - LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
LV transformers are used mainly in behind the meter electricity systems in the industrial and commercial sector. Definitions of voltage level vary depending on geography and the context, sometimes considerably. In the two basic designs of network, low voltage in Europe is defined as < 1,000 V, in the USA ≤ 600 V.
Chapter 5 - SOLAR PV SOLAR PV AND TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS
Solar photovoltaic modules produce low voltage DC electricity. To feed into the grid the current must be converted to AC and stepped up to grid voltage, requiring the functions of an inverter and a step up transformer. In 2010 a new technology, transformerless inverters for lower kW systems, appeared in the market in Europe. TL inverters use a computerised multi-step process and electronic components to convert DC to high frequency AC, back to DC, and ultimately to standard-frequency AC.
Chapter 6 - NETWORK TRANSFORMER LAYOUT
Transformers are needed at all stages in an electrical supply system when the voltage level changes, either up or down and the transport of power goes through several stages between generation and final delivery to the consumer. These stages vary according to the design of the system. Review of the different systems.
Chapter 7 - GAS TO WIRE (GTW)
The concept refers to the burning of gas offshore in power generation facilities local to gas fields with the electricity transmitted to shore via subsea cable - 30% of the value of the natural gas being extracted is eaten up by the cost of taking it to market. By positioning gas-fired power stations at the point of production, companies can take the sting out of transport costs.
Chapter 8 – THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRASMISSION
Evolution of transformers in voltage kV and capacity MVA.
Chapter 9 - HOSTING CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AND DG PENETRATION
Excessive penetration of distributed generation (DG) systems into electrical networks may lead to various problems and operational limit violations, such as over and under voltages, excessive line losses, overloading of transformers and feed. Many utilities across the country are actively analysing the hosting capacity of their systems. Many more are just beginning to think about it. A review of overvoltage caused by superimposition of renewables on existing networks, power quality, power loss, solutions and rule of thumb hosting capacity calculations.
Chapter 10 - SMART TRANSFORMERS
Challenges such as the aging power grid, increasing energy demands, spiraling cost of generating electricity and its cost on the environment all point toward the need for a grid that can produce and distribute energy more efficiently and reliably. The smart grid is being developed to deal with these problems. Transformers serve as a hub for collection and distribution of energy and are a key component of a successful transition to a smart grid. The smart grid concept ties together all aspects of the power system, from the plug in the wall at a house or office to a factory, to the distribution system, to power plants of all kinds. For the smart grid to work efficiently, there will be a need for smart transformers. As part of the distribution network, there are millions of transformers in the world; unfortunately, very few have any intelligence or communication capabilities that meet advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) standards or are parts of an advanced sensor infrastructure (ASI) network.
Chapter 11 - N+1 STANDARD, N+2 AND 2N, REDUNDANCY AND REPLACEMENT
Redundancy is a crucial consideration in infrastructure design and has major implications for market size calculations. The following factors are reviewed; the impact of network failure, transformer failure, industrial reliability, network reliability, N-1 and the networks, contingency planning for network failure and electricity distribution.
Chapter 12 - MEPS - MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Losses in transmission and distribution networks constitute the single biggest loss in any electricity system and in response to this minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) have been developed an applied. Approximately 70% of the losses in electricity networks occur in the distribution network with conductor accounting for 42% of these losses and transformers about 30%. Transformers operate 24 hours/day, 365 days per year and have very long lifetimes, typically 40-50 years for power transformers and around 30 years for distribution transformers. Energy consumption during its service life is the dominant factor in their life-cycle assessment environmental impact. The increased use of electronic equipment can lead to increased harmonic currents and higher losses in transformers. Transformers are already efficient pieces of equipment, with efficiency in the range of 95 to 99 The issue is discussed and details of mandatory efficiency standards around the world supplied. MEPS are outlined for each major country.
Chapter 13 - HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMERS
Development of a new technology - amorphous core transformers. Amorphous core transformers (AMTs) significantly reduce no-load losses by using an amorphous alloy for the iron core, on which the transformer windings that carry the electricity are coiled. The technology and market penetration is outlined by region and major country.
Chapter 14 - THE SUPPLY CHAIN
The supply chains for transformers and other products is subject to both economic and political leverage and the political factors are increasingly important. Transformer component supply markets have features which are different to other industries. The power transformer industry is not a high-volume business. The total number of power transformers produced in a year is around 20,000 units, it is obvious that the global market size for transformer components is not in the order of millions of pieces. Annual sales of distribution transformers amount to some million units and these range from large DTs which are custom built and have similar supply chain characteristics as power transformers, to medium and small DTs which are now commodity items bought off the shelf with short delivery times. Parts can be sourced from low cost international producers or from local or regional suppliers.
Chapter 15- LOGISTICS
Power transformers, especially GSU and quadboosters, are among the largest and heaviest pieces of equipment that have to be transported, sometimes over long distances. Because of their size and the small numbers in service there are only a few manufacturers of the largest units in the world, thereby necessitating long and complex logistics. This is increasingly mentioned by vendors as a major cost and a consideration in locating manufacturing sites. A review of the complex issues and solutions.
Chapter 16 - ELECTRIFICATION
Demographics and electrification are important aspects of the future market for transformers.
Please Note: This product is delivered as a zip file. (PDF & Excel).
- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 1.1. The power and distribution transformer market
- 1.2. Definitions of power and distribution transformers
- 1.3. Accuracy and relative error
- 1.4. Transformer prices
- 1.5. Transformer categories
- 1.6. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
- 1.7. The impact of Covid
- 1.8. Low voltage transformers
- 1.9. Regional analysis North America
- 1.9.1. LPT shortage of production
- 1.9.2. Demand for distribution transformers
- 1.10. Regional analysis Europe
- 1.11. Reginal analysis CIS
- 1.12. Regional analysis Middle East
- 1.13. Regional analysis Asia Pacific
- 1.13.1. China
- 1.13.2. Asia Pacific not including China
- 1.13.3. Japan
- 1.13.4. India
- 1.13.5. Korea
- 1.13.6. ASEAN
- 1.14. Regional analysis LAC
- 1.15. Regional analysis Africa
- 1.16. Recent trends in Central and Distributed Generation
- 1.17. Long term demand cycle
- 1.18. Transformer: generator capacity ratios - MVA - MW
- 1.19. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
- 2. ACCURACY AND THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ERROR
- 3. THE WORLD MARKET FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
- 3.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
- 3.2. Installed base of transformers, capacity ratios & numbers of distribution transformers
- 4. NORTH AMERICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 4.1. The North American Markets
- 4.1.1. USMCA
- 4.1.2. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- 4.1.3. Purchase considerations and delivery channels
- 4.2. United States
- 4.2.1. The US networks
- 4.2.2. The utility market in the United States
- 4.2.3. Utility investment
- 4.2.4. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
- 4.2.5. CEE- Consortium for Energy Efficiency
- 4.2.6. MEPS standards
- 4.2.7. Amorphous core transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.8. The US transformer markets
- 4.2.9. Market drivers
- 4.2.10. Distribution transformer production shortage
- 4.2.11. Large power transformer production shortage
- 4.2.12. Demand for distribution transformers
- 4.2.13. Manufacturing industry review - facilities
- 4.2.14. Power transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.15. Distribution transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.16. MV Dry type transformers
- 4.2.17. LV dry type transformers
- 4.3. CANADA
- 4.3.1. Canadian standards
- 4.3.2. Canadian transformer manufacturers
- 4.3.3. Dumping of transformers
- 4.4. MEXICO
- 4.4.1. MEPS Standards
- 4.4.2. Mexican transformer manufacturers
- 5. LAC TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 5.1. The LAC transformer market
- 5.2. BRAZIL
- 5.2.1. Market drivers
- 5.2.2. Brazilian transformer manufacturers
- 6. EUROPEAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 6.1. The European transformer markets
- 6.1.1. Production shares
- 6.1.2. Transformer voltages in the utility network and industry
- 6.1.3. Voltage differences in the European distribution networks
- 6.1.4. Losses and high efficiency transformers
- 6.1.5. A changing network landscape - distributed power - smart transformers
- 6.1.6. Market drivers
- 6.1.7. MEPS Standards
- 6.1.8. European transformer manufacturing industry review
- 6.1.9. Austria
- 6.1.10. Belgium
- 6.1.11. Bulgaria
- 6.1.12. Croatia
- 6.1.13. Cyprus
- 6.1.14. Czech Republic
- 6.1.15. Denmark
- 6.1.16. Estonia
- 6.1.17. Finland
- 6.1.18. Greece
- 6.1.19. Hungary
- 6.1.20. Ireland
- 6.1.21. Netherlands
- 6.1.22. Norway
- 6.1.23. Poland
- 6.1.24. Portugal
- 6.1.25. Romania
- 6.1.26. Serbia
- 6.1.27. Slovakia
- 6.1.28. Slovenia
- 6.2. FRANCE
- 6.2.1. Market drivers
- 6.2.2. Market leaders - GE, Schneider Electric
- 6.2.3. French transformer manufacturers
- 6.3. GERMANY
- 6.3.1. Market drivers
- 6.3.2. Market leader – Siemens Energy
- 6.3.3. SGB-SMIT
- 6.3.4. Energiewende , the German energy transition and utility reorganisation
- 6.3.5. German transformer manufacturers
- 6.4. ITALY
- 6.4.1. Market drivers
- 6.4.2. Italian transformer manufacturers
- 6.5. SPAIN
- 6.5.1. Market drivers
- 6.5.2. Spanish transformer manufacturers
- 6.6. SWITZERLAND
- 6.6.1. Hitachi Energy
- 6.6.2. Swiss transformer manufacturers
- 6.7. UNITED KINGDOM
- 6.7.1. UK transformer manufacturers
- 7. CIS TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 7.1. The CIS transformer markets
- 7.2. RUSSIA
- 7.2.1. Siemens Energy
- 7.2.2. Hitachi Energy
- 7.2.3. Schneider Electric
- 7.2.4. General Electric
- 7.2.5. GE
- 7.3. Russian electrical industry
- 7.3.1. Russian transformer manufacturers
- 7.4. UKRAINE
- 7.4.1. Ukrainian electricity infrastructure
- 7.4.2. Ukrainian transformer manufacturer
- 8. AFRICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 8.1. The African transformer markets
- 8.2. North African transformer manufacturers
- 8.2.1. Egypt
- 8.2.2. Algeria
- 8.2.3. Morocco
- 8.2.4. Tunisia
- 8.3. Sub-Saharan Africa
- 8.3.1. South Africa
- 8.3.2. Nigeria
- 8.3.3. Ethiopia
- 8.3.4. Ghana
- 8.3.5. Tanzania
- 9. MIDDLE EASTERN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 9.1. The Middle Eastern transformer markets
- 9.2. IRAN
- 9.2.1. Iranian transformer manufacturers
- 9.3. SAUDI ARABIA
- 9.3.1. Saudi transformer manufacturers
- 9.4. TURKEY
- 9.4.1. Turkish transformer manufacturers
- 9.5. United Arab Emirates - UAE
- 9.5.1. UAE transformer manufacturers
- 10. CHINESE TRANSFORMER MARKET
- 10.1. China transformer market
- 10.1.1. UHV AC and HVDC transformer markets in China
- 10.1.2. UHV equipment manufacture
- 10.1.3. Chinese suppliers and foreign suppliers
- 10.1.4. UHV market participants
- 10.1.5. International companies in China’s UHV Market
- 10.1.6. Power and distribution transformers ≥ 220 kV ≤ UHV
- 10.1.7. Power and distribution transformers ≤ 220 kV
- 10.1.8. Distribution transformers for MV and LV distribution
- 10.1.9. Market drivers
- 10.1.10. MEPS Standards
- 10.1.11. The structure of the Chinese power sector
- 10.1.12. Chinese manufacturing industry review
- 11. ASIA PACIFIC TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 11.1. The Asian lead in Investment as a % of GDP
- 11.2. The Asia Pacific transformer market
- 11.3. JAPAN
- 11.3.1. Transformer stock
- 11.3.2. Market drivers
- 11.3.3. MEPS Standards
- 11.3.4. Japanese transformer manufacturers
- 11.3.5. Overseas production
- 11.4. INDIA
- 11.4.1. Transformer stock
- 11.4.2. Electrification
- 11.4.3. Captive generation
- 11.4.4. Market drivers
- 11.4.5. MEPS Standards
- 11.4.6. The transmission and distribution networks
- 11.4.7. Example Grids in Delhi and Bhopal
- 11.4.8. BRPL, BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd Distribution company in Delhi
- 11.4.9. Medium voltage (11 kV)
- 11.4.10. Low voltage (400 V)
- 11.4.11. Rural feeder Delhi
- 11.4.12. Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Co Ltd, Bhopal.
- 11.4.13. Urban feeder Bhopal
- 11.4.14. Indian manufacturing industry review
- 11.4.15. Capacity and utilisation
- 11.4.16. Indian transformer production
- 11.4.17. Out-sourcing engineering skills
- 11.5. INDONESIA
- 11.5.1. Electrical utility
- 11.5.2. Market drivers
- 11.5.3. Transformer manufacturers
- 11.6. KOREA
- 11.6.1. Market drivers
- 11.6.2. Korean transformer manufacturers
- 11.7. MALAYSIA
- 11.7.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.7.2. Malaysian transformer manufacturers
- 11.8. PHILIPPINES
- 11.8.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.8.2. Philippine transformer manufacturers
- 11.9. TAIWAN
- 11.9.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.9.2. Market drivers
- 11.9.3. Taiwanese transformer manufacturers
- 11.10. THAILAND
- 11.10.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.10.2. Industrialisaton
- 11.10.3. Market drivers
- 11.10.4. Thai transformer manufacturers
- 11.11. VIETNAM
- 11.11.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.11.2. Industrialisaton
- 11.11.3. Vietnamese transformer manufacturers
- 12. PRICE TRENDS AND FACTORS DRIVING TRANSFORMER PRICES
- 12.1.1. Prices of raw material
- 12.1.2. PPI - Producer Price Index
- 12.1.3. USA
- 12.1.4. EU
- 12.1.5. China
- 12.1.6. Japan
- 12.1.7. The core - electrical steel
- 12.1.8. Amorphous steel
- 12.1.9. The coil - windings - copper and aluminium
- 12.1.10. Advantages of copper windings
- 12.1.11. Disadvantages of copper windings
- 12.1.12. Advantages of aluminium windings
- 12.1.13. Disadvantages of aluminium windings
- 12.1.14. Transformer oil
- 13. THE LONG-TERM DEMAND CYCLE 1900-2050
- 13.1.1. Installed capacity versus demand
- 14. TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION CAPACITY
- 14.1. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
- 14.1.1. Capacity utilisation
- 14.1.2. North America (United States, Canada)
- 14.1.3. Japan
- 14.1.4. Europe
- 14.1.5. CIS
- 14.1.6. Mexico
- 14.1.7. Latin America (excluding Mexico)
- 14.1.8. China
- 14.1.9. India
- 14.1.10. Korea
- 14.1.11. Africa
- 14.1.12. South Africa
- 15. RECENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL AND DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER CAPACITY
- 15.1. Central and distributed generation
- 15.1.1. In terms of size
- 15.1.2. StatPlan definition of distributed generation
- 15.1.3. DG in the USA
- 15.1.4. DG in Europe
- 15.1.5. DG in Germany
- 15.1.6. Wind power onshore
- 15.1.7. Wind power offshore
- 15.1.8. Solar PV
- 15.1.9. DG in Italy
- 15.1.10. DG in Spain
- 15.1.11. DG in the UK
- 15.1.12. DG in Japan
- 15.1.13. DG in Brazil
- 15.1.14. DG in China
- 16. TOP 40 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF TRANSFORMERS IN 2021
- 16.1. Imports and exporters - Top 35 in 2020 and Top 40 in 2021
- 17. THE CALCULATION OF ACCURACY
- 17.1. 3 stages of statistical error analysis
- 17.1.1. Raw data sources
- 17.1.2. Sources of error - production data
- 17.1.3. Asymmetry in trade data
- 17.1.4. Some asymmetries in transformer trade records
- 17.1.5. Historical records of installed transformer capacity
- 17.1.6. Uncertainty
- 17.1.7. Market quantification
- 17.2. The calculation of error
- 17.2.1. Value based, sum of values
- 17.2.2. Volume based, product of volume and price
- 17.2.3. The final market error
- 18. METHODOLOGY
- 18.1.1. Methodology of the StatPlan Transformer Report prior to Ed 10 2022
- 18.2. Long-term demand trends
- 18.3. The need for a new methodology by 2022 to reflect the energy transition
- 18.4. The new methodology of Ed 10, 2022
- 18.4.1. Estimation of CGSU and DGSU transformer capacity
- 18.4.2. Generating capacity database
- 18.4.3. Model for the estimation of central and distributed generating CGSU and DGSU transformers based on generating capacity (MW).
- 18.4.4. Model for the estimation of utility- and industry-owned distribution transformer capacity
- 18.4.5. The estimation of utility- and industry-owned transmission transformer capacity
- 18.4.6. The current market size for transformers
- 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 1.1. The power and distribution transformer market
- 1.2. Definitions of power and distribution transformers
- 1.3. Accuracy and relative error
- 1.4. Transformer prices
- 1.5. Transformer categories
- 1.6. The installed base of power and distribution transformers
- 1.7. The impact of Covid
- 1.8. Low voltage transformers
- 1.9. Regional analysis North America
- 1.9.1. LPT shortage of production
- 1.9.2. Demand for distribution transformers
- 1.10. Regional analysis Europe
- 1.11. Reginal analysis CIS
- 1.12. Regional analysis Middle East
- 1.13. Regional analysis Asia Pacific
- 1.13.1. China
- 1.13.2. Asia Pacific not including China
- 1.13.3. Japan
- 1.13.4. India
- 1.13.5. Korea
- 1.13.6. ASEAN
- 1.14. Regional analysis LAC
- 1.15. Regional analysis Africa
- 1.16. Recent trends in Central and Distributed Generation
- 1.17. Long term demand cycle
- 1.18. Transformer: generator capacity ratios - MVA - MW
- 1.19. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
- 2. ACCURACY AND THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ERROR
- 3. THE WORLD MARKET FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
- 3.1. The global market for power and distribution transformers
- 3.2. Installed base of transformers, capacity ratios & numbers of distribution transformers
- 4. NORTH AMERICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 4.1. The North American Markets
- 4.1.1. USMCA
- 4.1.2. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- 4.1.3. Purchase considerations and delivery channels
- 4.2. United States
- 4.2.1. The US networks
- 4.2.2. The utility market in the United States
- 4.2.3. Utility investment
- 4.2.4. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
- 4.2.5. CEE- Consortium for Energy Efficiency
- 4.2.6. MEPS standards
- 4.2.7. Amorphous core transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.8. The US transformer markets
- 4.2.9. Market drivers
- 4.2.10. Distribution transformer production shortage
- 4.2.11. Large power transformer production shortage
- 4.2.12. Demand for distribution transformers
- 4.2.13. Manufacturing industry review - facilities
- 4.2.14. Power transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.15. Distribution transformer manufacturers
- 4.2.16. MV Dry type transformers
- 4.2.17. LV dry type transformers
- 4.3. CANADA
- 4.3.1. Canadian standards
- 4.3.2. Canadian transformer manufacturers
- 4.3.3. Dumping of transformers
- 4.4. MEXICO
- 4.4.1. MEPS Standards
- 4.4.2. Mexican transformer manufacturers
- 5. LAC TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 5.1. The LAC transformer market
- 5.2. BRAZIL
- 5.2.1. Market drivers
- 5.2.2. Brazilian transformer manufacturers
- 6. EUROPEAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 6.1. The European transformer markets
- 6.1.1. Production shares
- 6.1.2. Transformer voltages in the utility network and industry
- 6.1.3. Voltage differences in the European distribution networks
- 6.1.4. Losses and high efficiency transformers
- 6.1.5. A changing network landscape - distributed power - smart transformers
- 6.1.6. Market drivers
- 6.1.7. MEPS Standards
- 6.1.8. European transformer manufacturing industry review
- 6.1.9. Austria
- 6.1.10. Belgium
- 6.1.11. Bulgaria
- 6.1.12. Croatia
- 6.1.13. Cyprus
- 6.1.14. Czech Republic
- 6.1.15. Denmark
- 6.1.16. Estonia
- 6.1.17. Finland
- 6.1.18. Greece
- 6.1.19. Hungary
- 6.1.20. Ireland
- 6.1.21. Netherlands
- 6.1.22. Norway
- 6.1.23. Poland
- 6.1.24. Portugal
- 6.1.25. Romania
- 6.1.26. Serbia
- 6.1.27. Slovakia
- 6.1.28. Slovenia
- 6.2. FRANCE
- 6.2.1. Market drivers
- 6.2.2. Market leaders - GE, Schneider Electric
- 6.2.3. French transformer manufacturers
- 6.3. GERMANY
- 6.3.1. Market drivers
- 6.3.2. Market leader – Siemens Energy
- 6.3.3. SGB-SMIT
- 6.3.4. Energiewende , the German energy transition and utility reorganisation
- 6.3.5. German transformer manufacturers
- 6.4. ITALY
- 6.4.1. Market drivers
- 6.4.2. Italian transformer manufacturers
- 6.5. SPAIN
- 6.5.1. Market drivers
- 6.5.2. Spanish transformer manufacturers
- 6.6. SWITZERLAND
- 6.6.1. Hitachi Energy
- 6.6.2. Swiss transformer manufacturers
- 6.7. UNITED KINGDOM
- 6.7.1. UK transformer manufacturers
- 7. CIS TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 7.1. The CIS transformer markets
- 7.2. RUSSIA
- 7.2.1. Siemens Energy
- 7.2.2. Hitachi Energy
- 7.2.3. Schneider Electric
- 7.2.4. General Electric
- 7.2.5. GE
- 7.3. Russian electrical industry
- 7.3.1. Russian transformer manufacturers
- 7.4. UKRAINE
- 7.4.1. Ukrainian electricity infrastructure
- 7.4.2. Ukrainian transformer manufacturer
- 8. AFRICAN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 8.1. The African transformer markets
- 8.2. North African transformer manufacturers
- 8.2.1. Egypt
- 8.2.2. Algeria
- 8.2.3. Morocco
- 8.2.4. Tunisia
- 8.3. Sub-Saharan Africa
- 8.3.1. South Africa
- 8.3.2. Nigeria
- 8.3.3. Ethiopia
- 8.3.4. Ghana
- 8.3.5. Tanzania
- 9. MIDDLE EASTERN TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 9.1. The Middle Eastern transformer markets
- 9.2. IRAN
- 9.2.1. Iranian transformer manufacturers
- 9.3. SAUDI ARABIA
- 9.3.1. Saudi transformer manufacturers
- 9.4. TURKEY
- 9.4.1. Turkish transformer manufacturers
- 9.5. United Arab Emirates - UAE
- 9.5.1. UAE transformer manufacturers
- 10. CHINESE TRANSFORMER MARKET
- 10.1. China transformer market
- 10.1.1. UHV AC and HVDC transformer markets in China
- 10.1.2. UHV equipment manufacture
- 10.1.3. Chinese suppliers and foreign suppliers
- 10.1.4. UHV market participants
- 10.1.5. International companies in China’s UHV Market
- 10.1.6. Power and distribution transformers ≥ 220 kV ≤ UHV
- 10.1.7. Power and distribution transformers ≤ 220 kV
- 10.1.8. Distribution transformers for MV and LV distribution
- 10.1.9. Market drivers
- 10.1.10. MEPS Standards
- 10.1.11. The structure of the Chinese power sector
- 10.1.12. Chinese manufacturing industry review
- 11. ASIA PACIFIC TRANSFORMER MARKETS
- 11.1. The Asian lead in Investment as a % of GDP
- 11.2. The Asia Pacific transformer market
- 11.3. JAPAN
- 11.3.1. Transformer stock
- 11.3.2. Market drivers
- 11.3.3. MEPS Standards
- 11.3.4. Japanese transformer manufacturers
- 11.3.5. Overseas production
- 11.4. INDIA
- 11.4.1. Transformer stock
- 11.4.2. Electrification
- 11.4.3. Captive generation
- 11.4.4. Market drivers
- 11.4.5. MEPS Standards
- 11.4.6. The transmission and distribution networks
- 11.4.7. Example Grids in Delhi and Bhopal
- 11.4.8. BRPL, BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd Distribution company in Delhi
- 11.4.9. Medium voltage (11 kV)
- 11.4.10. Low voltage (400 V)
- 11.4.11. Rural feeder Delhi
- 11.4.12. Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitran Co Ltd, Bhopal.
- 11.4.13. Urban feeder Bhopal
- 11.4.14. Indian manufacturing industry review
- 11.4.15. Capacity and utilisation
- 11.4.16. Indian transformer production
- 11.4.17. Out-sourcing engineering skills
- 11.5. INDONESIA
- 11.5.1. Electrical utility
- 11.5.2. Market drivers
- 11.5.3. Transformer manufacturers
- 11.6. KOREA
- 11.6.1. Market drivers
- 11.6.2. Korean transformer manufacturers
- 11.7. MALAYSIA
- 11.7.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.7.2. Malaysian transformer manufacturers
- 11.8. PHILIPPINES
- 11.8.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.8.2. Philippine transformer manufacturers
- 11.9. TAIWAN
- 11.9.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.9.2. Market drivers
- 11.9.3. Taiwanese transformer manufacturers
- 11.10. THAILAND
- 11.10.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.10.2. Industrialisaton
- 11.10.3. Market drivers
- 11.10.4. Thai transformer manufacturers
- 11.11. VIETNAM
- 11.11.1. Electrical utilities
- 11.11.2. Industrialisaton
- 11.11.3. Vietnamese transformer manufacturers
- 12. PRICE TRENDS AND FACTORS DRIVING TRANSFORMER PRICES
- 12.1.1. Prices of raw material
- 12.1.2. PPI - Producer Price Index
- 12.1.3. USA
- 12.1.4. EU
- 12.1.5. China
- 12.1.6. Japan
- 12.1.7. The core - electrical steel
- 12.1.8. Amorphous steel
- 12.1.9. The coil - windings - copper and aluminium
- 12.1.10. Advantages of copper windings
- 12.1.11. Disadvantages of copper windings
- 12.1.12. Advantages of aluminium windings
- 12.1.13. Disadvantages of aluminium windings
- 12.1.14. Transformer oil
- 13. THE LONG-TERM DEMAND CYCLE 1900-2050
- 13.1.1. Installed capacity versus demand
- 14. TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION CAPACITY
- 14.1. Manufacturing capacity, global and by region
- 14.1.1. Capacity utilisation
- 14.1.2. North America (United States, Canada)
- 14.1.3. Japan
- 14.1.4. Europe
- 14.1.5. CIS
- 14.1.6. Mexico
- 14.1.7. Latin America (excluding Mexico)
- 14.1.8. China
- 14.1.9. India
- 14.1.10. Korea
- 14.1.11. Africa
- 14.1.12. South Africa
- 15. RECENT TRENDS IN CENTRAL AND DISTRIBUTED TRANSFORMER CAPACITY
- 15.1. Central and distributed generation
- 15.1.1. In terms of size
- 15.1.2. StatPlan definition of distributed generation
- 15.1.3. DG in the USA
- 15.1.4. DG in Europe
- 15.1.5. DG in Germany
- 15.1.6. Wind power onshore
- 15.1.7. Wind power offshore
- 15.1.8. Solar PV
- 15.1.9. DG in Italy
- 15.1.10. DG in Spain
- 15.1.11. DG in the UK
- 15.1.12. DG in Japan
- 15.1.13. DG in Brazil
- 15.1.14. DG in China
- 16. TOP 40 IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF TRANSFORMERS IN 2021
- 16.1. Imports and exporters - Top 35 in 2020 and Top 40 in 2021
- 17. THE CALCULATION OF ACCURACY
- 17.1. 3 stages of statistical error analysis
- 17.1.1. Raw data sources
- 17.1.2. Sources of error - production data
- 17.1.3. Asymmetry in trade data
- 17.1.4. Some asymmetries in transformer trade records
- 17.1.5. Historical records of installed transformer capacity
- 17.1.6. Uncertainty
- 17.1.7. Market quantification
- 17.2. The calculation of error
- 17.2.1. Value based, sum of values
- 17.2.2. Volume based, product of volume and price
- 17.2.3. The final market error
- 18. METHODOLOGY
- 18.1.1. Methodology of the StatPlan Transformer Report prior to Ed 10 2022
- 18.2. Long-term demand trends
- 18.3. The need for a new methodology by 2022 to reflect the energy transition
- 18.4. The new methodology of Ed 10, 2022
- 18.4.1. Estimation of CGSU and DGSU transformer capacity
- 18.4.2. Generating capacity database
- 18.4.3. Model for the estimation of central and distributed generating CGSU and DGSU transformers based on generating capacity (MW).
- 18.4.4. Model for the estimation of utility- and industry-owned distribution transformer capacity
- 18.4.5. The estimation of utility- and industry-owned transmission transformer capacity
- 18.4.6. The current market size for transformers
- 18.4.7. Forecasting the transformer market (USD and MVA) F
- Figures
- Figure 1: USA Electric power system with substation types
- Figure 2: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 1950 to 2020
- Figure 3: The electricity generating fuel mix in the United States , 2001 to 2022
- Figure 4: Imports of total power transformers into United States , 1991 to 2022
- Figure 5: Imports of power transformers (Oil filled ≥ 10 MVA), into the United States by country of origin, 2005-2022 $ value.
- Figure 6: A large power transformer
- Figure 7: Share of distribution lines by voltage category in Europe, 2020
- Figure 8: Voltage levels and ranges used for power distribution in Europe, 2020
- Figure 9: RWE and E.ON reorganize the German power sector, splitting up Innogy.
- Figure 10: Market shares for UHV AC and HVDC transformers in China
- Figure 11: Market shares of leading transformer manufacturers for SGCC’s HV, MV and LV tenders
- Figure 12: Structure of the Chinese electric power industry
- Figure 13: Investment as a % of GDP, selected countries and economic groupings, 1980-2020
- Figure 14: Share of costs in transformer production
- Figure 15: Prices of transformer materials 2011 to Q1 2022
- Figure 16: Prices of aluminium and copper in the European market, 2019 to 2022
- Figure 17: Prices of natural gas in Europe 1970 to 2022
- Figure 18: Producer Price Indices for power and distribution transformers in the USA 1967 to 2022
- Figure 19: EU Producer Price Index for industrial manufactures 2010 to 2022
- Figure 20: China Producer Price Index for industrial goods 2010 to 2022
- Figure 21: Japan Producer Price Index for electrical machinery and equipment 1996 to 2022
- Figure 22: The manufacturing processes for CRGO and CNRGO
- Figure 23: Installed capacity of power and distribution transformers, GVA, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 24: Global installed transformation capacity and demand, GVA, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 25: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity 1990 to 2030
- Figure 26: Regional growth of distributed generation 1990 to 2030
- Figure 27: Distributed energy, gas and electricity
- Figure 28: Overview of distributed generation and of typical uses
- Figure 29: Commercial distributed solar PV capacity, 2015 to 2050
- Figure 30: The smart grid and distributed generation
- Figure 31: Annual development of onshore wind energy capacity in Germany
- Figure 32: Annual development of offshore wind energy capacity in Germany
- Figure 33: Difference in the value of goods exported to and imported by the US, 2016
- Figure 34: Trade flows between countries
- Figure 35: The linkages in the estimation of the different aspects of the transformer market
- Figure 36: The development of central and distributed step-up transformer capacity as percentages of generating capacity from 1990 to 2030
- Figure 37: The growth in distributed generation transformer capacity, 1990-2030 analysed by region
- Tables
- Table 1: Relative errors in the transformer market estimates, world and regions,
- Table 2: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 3: World, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 4: World, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 5: World, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 6: World, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 7: World, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 8: World, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 9: World, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal
- Table 10: World, production, imports, exports, market, MVA
- Table 11: World, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 12:: World, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
- Table 13: World, numbers of distribution transformers
- Table 14: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 15: North America, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 16: North America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 17: North America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 18: North America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 19: North America, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 20: North America, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 21: North America, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 22: North America, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 23: North America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021, 2021
- Table 24:: North America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2021
- Table 25: North America, numbers of distribution transformers, 2021
- Table 26: Imports of power transformers (Oil filled ≥ 10 MVA), into the United States, 2005-2022 $ value.
- Table 27: United States, production shares
- Table 28: Canada, production shares
- Table 29: Mexico, production shares
- Table 30: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 31: South & Central America, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 32: South America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 33: Central America, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 34: South & Central America, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 35: South & Central America, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 36: Generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 37: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, nominal $
- Table 38: South & Central America, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 39: South & Central America, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2020/21
- Table 40: South & Central America, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
- Table 41: CIS, numbers of distribution transformers
- Table 42: Brazil production shares
- Table 43: Brazil production shares
- Table 44: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 45: Europe, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 46Europe, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 47: Europe, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 48: Europe, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 49: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 50: Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 51: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 52: Europe, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 53: Europe, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 54: Europe, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2021
- Table 55: Europe, numbers of distribution transformers, 2021
- Table 56: Europe production shares, 2021
- Table 57: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 58: CIS, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 59: CIS, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 60: CIS, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 61: CIS, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 62: CIS, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 63: CIS, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 64: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 65: CIS, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 66: CIS, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 67:: CIS, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2021
- Table 68: CIS, numbers of distribution transformers, 2021
- Table 69: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 70: Africa, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 71: North Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 72: Sub-Saharan Africa, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 73: Africa, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 74: Africa, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 75: Africa, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 76: Africa, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 77: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 78: Africa, production, imports, exports, market, 2012, MVA
- Table 79: Africa, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 80:: Africa, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity, 2021
- Table 81: Africa, numbers of distribution transformers, 2021
- Table 82: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 83: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 84: Middle East, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 85: Middle East, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 86: Middle East, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 87: Middle East, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 88: Middle East, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 89: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal
- Table 90: Middle East, production, imports, exports, market, MVA
- Table 91: Middle East, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 92: Middle East, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
- Table 93: Middle East, numbers of distribution transformers
- Table 94: Iran production shares
- Table 95: Saudi Arabia production shares
- Table 96: Turkish production shares, 2021
- Table 97: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 98: China, total transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 99: China, total transformer sales forecast by transformer type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 100: China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 101: China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 102: China, CGSU, network PT, DGSU, network DT, market, 2021 $ value
- Table 103: China, CGSU generator, network PT, DGSU, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 104: China, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal
- Table 105: China, production, imports, exports, market, MVA
- Table 106: China, installed base gen. capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 107:: China, ratios of MVA transformer capacity to MW generating capacity
- Table 108: China, numbers of distribution transformers
- Table 109: The operational UHV circuits in China in 2021
- Table 110: UHV circuits under construction in China in 2021
- Table 111: Key Technologies for UHV AC systems
- Table 112: Key technologies for UVH DC systems
- Table 113: Voltage sequence of distribution networks in China
- Table 114: Asia Pacific excluding China, transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, $ nominal
- Table 115: Asia Pacific excluding China, transformer sales forecast, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 116: Asia Pacific excluding China, transformer sales forecast by type, 2021-2028, MVA
- Table 117: Asia Pacific excluding China, sales value by transformer type and voltage, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 118: Asia Pacific excluding China, capacity sales by transformer type and voltage, 2021, MVA
- Table 119: Asia Pacific excluding China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, $ nominal
- Table 120: Asia Pacific excluding China, Central generator, network PT, distributed generator, network DT, market, 2021, MVA
- Table 121: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, $ nominal
- Table 122: Asia Pacific excluding China, production, imports, exports, market, MVA
- Table 123: Asia Pacific excluding China, installed base generating capacity MW and transformer capacity MVA by category, 2021
- Table 124:: Asia Pacific excluding China, ratios of MVA transformer to MW generating capacity
- Table 125: Asia Pacific excluding China, numbers of distribution transformers
- Table 126: Transformer manufacturers in Japan
- Table 127: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.
- Table 128: Classification of distribution transformer loads on the rural 11 kV feeders in Delhi.
- Table 129: Transformers and their control modes in the BRPL distribution grid.
- Table 130: Comparison of relevant 11 kV grids in Delhi and Bhopal.
- Table 131: Indian transformer production capacity MVA
- Table 132: Indian production shares, 2021
- Table 133: Indonesia production shares
- Table 134: Malaysia production shares
- Table 135: Thailand production shares
- Table 136: The top 30 transformer manufacturers, GVA
- Table 137: CIS, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA
- Table 138: China, domestic production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA
- Table 139: India, production capacity power and distribution transformers, GVA, 2007 - 2020
- Table 140: Top 35 importers of oil-filled transformers by KVA, 2020
- Table 141: Top 35 exporters of oil-filled transformers by kVA, 2020
- Table 142: Top 35 importers of dry type transformers by kVA, 2020
- Table 143: Top 35 exporters of dry type transformers by kVA, 2020
- Table 144: Top 35 importers of power and distribution oil-filled transformers, 2020
- Table 145:Top 35 exporters of power and distribution oil-filled transformers, 2020
- Table 146: Top 35 importers of dry type transformers by voltage, 2020
- Table 147: Top 35 exporters of dry type transformers by voltage, 2020
- Table 148: Top 40 importers of liquid-filled transformers by KVA, 2021
- Table 149: Top 40 exporters of liquid-filled transformers by kVA, 2021
- Table 150: Top 40 importers of dry type transformers by kVA, 2021
- Table 151: Top 40 exporters of dry type transformers by kVA, 2021
- Table 152: Top 40 importers of power and distribution liquid-filled transformers, 2021
- Table 153: Top 40 exporters of power and distribution liquid-filled transformers, 2021
- Table 154: Top 40 importers of dry type transformers by voltage, 2021
- Table 155: Top 40 exporters of dry type transformers by voltage, 2021
- Table 156: Relative errors in transformer market estimates for transformers, by region & country
- Table 157: The generating capacity data base for 184 countries
- Table 158: Renewables MW capacity to DGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
- Table 159: Renewables MW capacity to CGSU MVA capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
- Table 160: Non-Renewables CGSU MVA and DGSU capacity, 1990 to 2030, 184 countries
- Table 161: Consumption by end-user groups in India, GWh
- Table 162Average power in MW providing electricity for each user group in India
- Table 163: Installed DT (liquid and dry) capacity in MVA in India
- Table 164: Installed capacity of utility and industrial power and distribution transformers in India
- Volume 2
- 1. VOLUME 2 - INTRODUCTION
- 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 2.1. Transformer types
- 2.2. Network transmission and distribution layout
- 2.3. Low voltage background information
- 2.3.1. European and America network design
- 2.4. Offshore systems
- 2.5. Gas to Wire GTW
- 2.6. Solar PV and Transformer less inverters
- 2.7. Renewables and hosting capacity
- 2.8. Channels to market
- 2.9. Efficiency transformers
- 2.10. MEPS Standards
- 2.11. Smart transformers
- 2.12. Redundancy
- 2.13. Logistics
- 2.14. Electrification
- 3. TRANSFORMER TYPES - GSU, POWER AND DISTRIBUTION, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMERS
- 3.1. Power transformers
- 3.1.1. Large Power Transformers (LPT)
- 3.1.2. Medium Power Transformers (MPT)
- 3.1.3. Small Power Transformers (SPT)
- 3.1.4. Generator step-up transformers (GSU)
- 3.1.5. System intertie (interconnecting) transformers.
- 3.1.6. Special power transformers.
- 3.1.7. Distribution Transformers
- 3.1.8. Single Phase Transformers
- 3.1.9. 3 Phase transformer
- 3.1.10 Dry-type transformers
- 3.1.11 Pad mounted distribution transformers
- 3.1.12 Pole-mounted distribution transformers
- 3.1.13 Industrial transformers
- 4. LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS BACKGROUND INFORMATION
- 4.1. Voltage definitions for this report
- 4.2. Low voltage terminology
- 4.3. Low voltage differences in Europe and the United States
- 4.3.1. North American system
- 4.3.2. European system
- 4.3.3. European LV for industrial users
- 4.3.4. Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types commonly used behind the meter in the United States
- 4.3.5. Examples of LV projects in the United States
- 4.4. Industry
- 4.4.1. USA industrial motor market
- 4.5. Residential buildings
- 4.5.1. Power distribution in small buildings
- 4.5.2. Power distribution in large residential or commercial buildings
- 4.5.3. Large buildings, the vertical supply system (rising mains).
- 4.5.4. Burj Khalifa Dubai,
- 4.6. Conclusion
- 5. SOLAR PV SOLAR PV AND TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS
- 5.1. Transformerless inverters
- 5.1.1. High Frequency Inverters (HF)
- 5.1.2. Low Frequency Inverters (LF)
- 5.1.3. TL in Europe
- 5.1.4. TL in China
- 5.1.5. TL in the USA
- 5.1.6. TL in Australia
- 5.1.7. Impact of TL inverters on the distribution transformer market
- 6. NETWORK TRANSFORMER LAYOUT
- 6.1. The layout stages of a network
- 6.1.1. Stage 1 – Generator step-up to the transmission network
- 6.1.2. Stage 2 - step-down from EHV to HV
- 6.1.3. Stage 3 - step-down to MV
- 6.1.4. Stage 4 - step-down to LV
- 6.1.5. Stage 5 – behind-the-meter MV and/or LV step-down t utilisation level
- 6.2. European grid systems
- 6.3. Network configurations for distribution - Radial, Loop and Network systems
- 6.4. Industry
- 6.5. Review of regional utility network practices - The link from medium voltage to low voltage
- 6.5.1. North America
- 6.5.2. Japan
- 6.5.3. Europe
- 6.6. Types of transformer
- 6.6.1. Liquid dielectric transformers
- 6.6.2. Dry-type transformers
- 6.6.3. Gas filled transformers
- 6.6.4. Evolution of power transformers by size and capacity
- 6.7. Offshore systems
- 7. GAS TO WIRE GTW
- 8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION
- 8.1. Ownership of GSU transformers
- 9. HOSTING CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS AND DG PENETRATION
- 9.1. Problems which can occur with excess load
- 9.1.1. Overvoltage
- 9.1.2. Overloading and power loss problems
- 9.1.3. Power quality problem
- 9.1.4. Protection problems
- 9.2. Solutions
- 9.2.1. Network reconfiguration and reinforcement
- 9.2.2. Reactive power control
- 9.2.3. Active power curtailment
- 9.3. Battery energy storage technologies (BESS)
- 9.4. Costs
- 9.5. Conclusion
- 10. SMART TRANSFORMERS
- 10.1. Smart transformers and the smart grid
- 10.2. Basic characteristics of smart transformers
- 10.3. The basic technical requirements of smart transformers
- 10.4. Smart transformer in current infrastructure
- 10.5. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
- 11. N+1 STANDARD, N+2 AND 2N, REDUNDANCY AND REPLACEMENT
- 11.1. Network failure
- 11.2. Transformer failure
- 11.3. Industrial reliability
- 11.4. Redundancy criteria
- 11.4.1 N+1 Redundancy
- 11.4.2 N+2 Redundancy
- 11.4.3 2N Redundancy
- 11.4.4 2N+1 Redundancy
- 11.5. Fault tolerance
- 11.6. Network reliability
- 11.7. N+1 and the networks
- 11.8. Reliability standards SAIFI and SAIDI
- 11.8.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
- 11.8.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
- 11.9. Electricity transmission
- 11.9.1 Large power transformers (LPTs)
- 11.9.2 Transformer/generator ratios and redundancy
- 11.9.3 Generation
- 11.9.4 Transmission
- 11.9.5 Distribution
- 12. MEPS - MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
- 12.1. MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standards)
- 12.2. United States
- 12.2.1 Efficiency regulations
- 12.3. Canada
- 12.3.1 Dry-type transformers in Canada
- 12.3.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Canada
- 12.4. Brazil
- 12.4.1 Liquid-filled transformers in Brazil
- 12.5. Mexico
- 12.5.1 Liquid-filled transformers in Mexico
- 12.6. European Union
- 12.6.1 Exemptions from the regulation include transformers specifically designed and used in applications such as the following are excluded:
- 12.6.2 Dry-type transformers
- 12.6.3 Liquid-filled transformers
- 12.7. Israel
- 12.7.1 Dry-type transformers in Israel
- 12.7.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Israel
- 12.8. Australia and New Zealand
- 12.8.1 Dry-type transformers in Australia and New Zealand
- 12.8.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Australia and New Zealand
- 12.9. Japan
- 12.9.1 Dry-type transformers in Japan
- 12.9.2 Liquid-filled transformers in Japan
- 12.10. China
- 12.10.1.Dry-type transformers in China
- 12.10.2Liquid-filled transformers in China
- 12.11. Korea
- 12.11.1Dry-type transformers in Korea
- 12.11.2Liquid-filled transformers in Korea
- 12.12. India
- 12.12.1Liquid-filled transformers in India
- 12.13. Vietnam
- 12.13.1Liquid-filled transformers
- 12.14. Summary of efficiency standards
- 13. HIGH EFFICIENCY TRANSFORMERS
- 13.1. Development of a new technology - amorphous core transformers
- 13.1.1 The market for AMTs
- 13.2. AMT manufacturers
- 13.3. Amorphous metal ribbon manufacturers
- 13.4. Amorphous metal transformers - AMTs
- 13.4.1 United States
- 13.4.2 Japan
- 13.4.3 China
- 13.4.4 India
- 13.4.5 Taiwan
- 13.4.6 Other
- 13.5. HTS –high temperature superconductor transformers
- 14. THE SUPPLY CHAINS FOR TRANSFORMERS
- 14.1. The political dimension of the global supply chains
- 14.2. US Federal Executive Order - Telecoms
- 14.3. Supply of transformers
- 14.4. Electrical system equipment
- 14.5. US LPT Seizure
- 14.6. Japanese programme to diversify Chinese supplies
- 14.7. Australia
- 14.8. Market impacts
- 14.9. Global supply chains
- 14.10. Key global supply chains for transformers
- 14.10.1Tap Changers - OLTC suppliers
- 14.10.2EHV bushings suppliers
- 15. LOGISTICS
- 15.1. Example of a LPT logistical operation from China to the USA
- 15.2. Guidance for the safe transport of transformers
- 15.2.1Design of transformers
- 15.2.2 Preparation of a Transformer
- 15.3. Faults or damages to transformers
- 15.3.1 Voyage Assessment
- 15.3.2 Transport execution
- 15.3.3 Carriers’ responsibilities
- 15.3.4 Handling
- 15.3.5 Securing
- 15.3.6 Impact Recorders
- 15.4. Rail transport - Schnabel cars
- 15.4.1 North America
- 15.4.2 Europe
- 15.4.3 Asia Pacific
- 15.5. Road transport - Goldhofer
- 15.6. Clearance
- 16. ELECTRIFICATION
- 16.1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa
- 16.1.2 Asia
- 16.1.3 MENA
- 16.1.4 Latin America
- 16.1.5 Europe
- 16.1.6 CIS
- 16.1.7 North America
- 16.2. The impact of electrification on the electrical supply industry
- Figures
- Figure 1: Example of an electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
- Figure 2: LPT, 265 MVA, 525 kV
- Figure 3: MPT 60 MVA, 275 kV.
- Figure 4: SPT with 12.5 MVA with OLTC ( On-Load Tap Changer)
- Figure 5: An 800 kV UHVDC converter transformer by HITACHI ENERGY
- Figure 6: 1 phase
- Figure 7: 3 phase oil-filled distribution transformer,
- Figure 8: Dry-type distribution transformer
- Figure 9: Pad-mounted distribution transformer
- Figure 10: Single pole mounted transformer
- Figure 11: A bank of 3 single phase pole top distribution transformers for 3 phase supply
- Figure 11: The German Electricity Grid
- Figure 12: American distribution system
- Figure 13: European distribution system
- Figure 14: Electrical distribution system for a small building
- Figure 15: Single rising main
- Figure 16: Grouped supply
- Figure 17: Individual floor supply
- Figure 18: A large building using distributed transformers - splitting the system into two supply sections with 2 transformer modules with 3 × 630 kVA each.
- Figure 19: Top 20 markets for solar PV additions, 2018 to 2022.
- Figure 20: Example of electricity network before the meter, with Central and Distributed Generation
- Figure 21: Basic scheme of an electric power system
- Figure 22: The UK electrical power transmission and distribution system
- Figure 23: The traditional centralised electricity system compared with distributed power
- Figure 24: North American versus European distribution layouts.
- Figure 25: GTW development Options
- Figure 26: The overall concept of GTW
- Figure 27: Evolution of transformers in voltage kV and capacity MVA
- Figure 28: Proportion of capacity (MVA) generator, utility and private industry ownership of power and distribution transformers by region, 2018
- Figure 29: International DSOs’ experience and rules of thumb for DG integration
- Figure 30: HC enhancement techniques
- Figure 31: Conventional grid with unidirectional power flow
- Figure 32: Active distribution grid with intelligent transformer substations
- Figure 33: The vast majority of countries have yet to take such action.
- Figure 34: The world’s largest HVDC transformer at Xiangjiaba, China
- Figure 35: Schnabel car with load
- Figure 36: The largest load ever transported by road in the United Kingdom
- Figure 37: Goldhofer heavy duty load
- Figure 38: Goldhofer rear wheel drive vehicle
- Figure 39: The trailer approaches a narrow turning
- Figure 40: The trailer’s rear wheels begin the turn
- Figure 41: The trailer has turned the corner
- Figure 42: Overhead obstructions
- Figure 43: Transformer off the road
- Figure 44: Share of people without electricity access for developing countries, 2016
- Figure 45: World electrification - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 46: World electrification – number and % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 47: Selected major countries - % of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 48: Selected major countries – Number of households with electricity, 1900 - 2050
- Figure 49: Regional totals of electrified households 2010 to 2050
- Figure 50: Additions of electrified households in each decade by region, 2010 to 2050
- Tables
- Table 1: Typical applications for distribution transformer technologies
- Table 2: Substation and industrial and commercial transformer types used behind the meter
- Table 3: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in the USA
- Table 4: Installed base of LV dry type transformers in commercial buildings in USA by kVA capacity
- Table 5: Population of electric motors in US industry, 2021
- Table 6: Population and residential housing stock in the United States and Europe
- Table 7: Highest voltage levels of distribution in Europe
- Table 8: Average consumers per LV distribution transformer in selected countries, 2018
- Table 9: Network losses by region
- Table 10: A summary of liquid filled distribution transformer efficiency programmes
- Table 11:Summary of dry-type distribution transformer efficiency programmes
- Table 12: Manufacturers of energy efficient transformers in China, 2013
- Table 13: Population and electrical parameters of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
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