Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market: Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, till 2035
Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market: Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, till 2035: Type of Expression System Used (Mammalian, Microbial and Others), Company Size (Small, Mid-Sized and Large / Very Large) and Geographical Regions (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World)
The Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market is valued at USD 2.38 billion in 2024 growing at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period 2024-2035.
The demand for vaccine contract manufacturing is increasing, driven by the growing pipeline of vaccines targeting various infectious diseases, oncological and autoimmune disorders. Contract manufacturers provide large-scale production services to pharmaceutical companies, particularly for specialized vaccines like mRNA and viral vectors. Vaccines play a critical role in preventing serious illnesses, and recent advancements in vaccine technology have marked significant milestones. The approval of numerous FDA-approved vaccines, including the first vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and chikungunya, signals a shift towards a new era of vaccines.
As the demand for vaccines grows, opportunities for contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) specializing in vaccines are expanding. Since 2000, over 130 vaccine CMOs have been established, reflecting the market expansion of contract service providers. To stay competitive, CMOs are investing in cutting-edge tools and technologies, expanding their capacities and capabilities to meet the escalating demand for vaccines.
Outsourcing is becoming increasingly accepted as a viable and beneficial business model in the vaccine industry, driving the growth of the global vaccine contract manufacturing market. Additionally, the success of vaccine adjuvants companies is also driven by the growth of this market, as they develop innovative adjuvants for vaccine developers and manufacturers.
Key Market Segments
Type of Expression System Used
Mammalian
Microbial
Others
Company Size
Small
Mid-sized
Large / Very Large
Key Geographical Region
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Rest of the World
Research Coverage:
A comprehensive overview of vaccine contract manufacturing is presented, focusing on the diverse expression systems utilized in the development and manufacturing of vaccines. Furthermore, the overview provides a brief description of the principles and advantages of contract manufacturing, highlighting its increasing importance in the vaccine industry.
A comprehensive analysis of the contract manufacturing landscape for vaccines is provided, including information on companies offering contract services, such as their year of establishment, company size, and location of headquarters. Additionally, this overview covers the types of services offered by these companies, including analytical testing, cell line development and virus banking, fill and finish, formulation development, process development, and regulatory consulting. The scale of operation is also examined, encompassing preclinical, clinical, and commercial stages. Furthermore, the overview explores the expression systems employed by these companies, including avian, insect, mammalian, microbial, and others. The review also delves into the types of vaccines manufactured by these companies, including live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, DNA vaccines, RNA-based vaccines (such as COVID-19 vaccines), subunit vaccines, toxoid-based vaccines, and others.
A comprehensive analysis of the competitiveness of key players in the contract vaccine manufacturing industry is presented, focusing on a multi-faceted evaluation of their company strengths. This assessment considers factors such as the experience and reputation of the contract manufacturer, as well as their portfolio strength, which encompasses various elements including the scale of their operation, the range of vaccines they manufacture, the types of services they offer, their manufacturing capabilities, and the number of facilities they operate.
Comprehensive profiles of the leading service providers in the vaccine contract manufacturing market, based in North America. Each profile features a brief overview of the vaccine contract manufacturing service provider, along with information on location of headquarters, year of establishment, number of employees, leadership team, service portfolio, recent developments, and an informed future outlook.
An in-depth profiles of leading vaccine contract manufacturing service providers based in Europe are presented, providing a comprehensive overview of each company's strengths and capabilities. Each profile includes essential information such as the company's headquarters location, year of establishment, employee count, leadership team, service offerings, recent developments, and an expert forecast of future prospects. This detailed analysis enables a deeper understanding of the key players in the vaccine CMO market, their competitive positions, and their potential for growth and innovation.
Comprehensive profiles of the leading service providers in the vaccine contract manufacturing market, based in Asia-Pacific. Each profile features a brief overview of the vaccine contract manufacturing service provider, along with information on location of headquarters, year of establishment, number of employees, leadership team, service portfolio, recent developments, and an informed future outlook.
A thorough examination of the partnerships forged between industry stakeholders in the vaccine contract manufacturing sector is presented, based on a range of criteria. This analysis delves into the details of partnerships signed between since 2019, including the year of partnership, partnership type, therapeutic area, type of vaccine manufactured, and type of partner. Additionally, the report highlights the most active players in the industry, as measured by the number of partnerships they have signed during this period. The regional distribution of partnership activity is also mapped, providing a comprehensive understanding of the trends and dynamics driving collaboration in the vaccine contract manufacturing industry.
A comprehensive examination of the expansion initiatives undertaken by vaccine contract manufacturers since 2020 is presented, analyzing various factors that influenced these developments. This analysis dissects the expansion initiatives based on key parameters, including the year of expansion, purpose of expansion (capacity expansion, capability expansion, new facility, geographical consolidation, and geographical expansion), location of the expanded facility, and investment amount. The report also identifies the most active players in the industry, measured by the number of expansion initiatives they have undertaken during this period. This in-depth analysis provides a detailed understanding of the strategic moves made by vaccine contract manufacturers to enhance their capabilities and expand their presence in the market.
A comprehensive examination of the mergers and acquisitions that have shaped the vaccine contract manufacturing industry since 2018 is presented, analyzing various factors that influenced these deals. This analysis delves into the details of mergers and acquisitions based on key parameters, including the year of agreement, type of deal (merger, acquisition, joint venture, etc.), geographical location of the companies involved, type of acquisition (asset, equity, etc.), type of biologic manufactured, therapeutic area, and key value drivers. The report provides a thorough understanding of the strategic moves made by companies in the industry to expand their capabilities, gain market share, and enhance their competitiveness. By examining these deals, this analysis aims to identify trends and patterns in the industry's M&A landscape.
A comprehensive estimate of the global vaccine manufacturing capacity is presented, based on publicly available data from industry stakeholders. The report highlights the distribution of available vaccine production capacity across various parameters, including company size (small, mid-sized, large, and very large firms), expression system used (mammalian, microbial, and others), and geographical region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). This analysis provides a snapshot of the industry's current capacity landscape, enabling insights into the market share and competitive positioning of various vaccine manufacturers. By examining the distribution of capacity across different company sizes, expression systems, and regions, this report aims to shed light on the trends and patterns that shape the vaccine manufacturing industry.
An informed estimates of the annual commercial and clinical demand for vaccines, based on key geographical regions.
An insightful vendor selection framework analysis highlighting the parameters that should be considered while outsourcing operations to various vaccine manufacturing CMOs. The analysis was designed to enable stakeholder companies to evaluate a vendor for outsourcing their operations.
Comprehensive analysis capturing the key parameters and trends that are likely to influence the future of vaccine contract manufacturing, under a SWOT framework.
Comprehensive analysis of the factors that can impact the growth of vaccine contract manufacturing. It also features identification and analysis of key drivers, potential restraints, emerging opportunities, and existing challenges.
Comprehensive estimate of the current market size and the future market growth potential of the vaccine contract manufacturing market over the next decade. Based on multiple parameters, such as likely adoption trends and through reliable secondary and primary validations, we have provided an informed estimate on the market evolution during the forecast period till 2035. The report also features the likely distribution of the current and forecasted opportunity within the vaccine contract manufacturing industry. Further, in order to account for future uncertainties and to add robustness to our model, we have provided three market forecast scenarios, namely conservative, base, and optimistic scenarios, representing different tracks of the market growth.
Comprehensive projections of the current and future opportunity for service providers in the vaccine CMO market across types of expression system used, namely mammalian, microbial and others.
Comprehensive projections of the current and future opportunity for service providers in the vaccine contract manufacturing market across company size, namely small, mid-sized and large / very large.
Detailed predictions of the current and future opportunity for service providers in the vaccine CMO market across different key geographical regions, namely North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and rest of the world.
Key Benefits of Buying this Report
The report offers market leaders and newcomers valuable insights into revenue estimations for both the overall market and its sub-segments.
Stakeholders can utilize the report to enhance their understanding of the competitive landscape, allowing for improved business positioning and more effective go-to-market strategies.
The report provides stakeholders with a pulse on the Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market, furnishing them with essential information on significant market drivers, barriers, opportunities, and challenges.
Leading Market Companies
AGC Biologics
Bharat Biotech
Biological E
BioReliance
Boehringer Ingelheim BioXcellence
Catalent
Charles River Laboratories
Cobra Biologics
Curia
Eurofins Amatsigroup
Eurogentec
GreenPak Biotech
Hong Kong Institute of Biotechnology
IDT Biologika
Lonza
Meridian Life Sciences
Syngene International
WuXi Biologics
Wockhardt
1. Preface
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Market Share Insights
1.3. Key Market Insights
1.4. Report Coverage
1.5. Key Questions Answered
1.6. Chapter Outlines
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Chapter Overview
2.2. Research Assumptions
2.2.1. Market Landscape And Market Trends
2.2.2. Market Forecast And Opportunity Analysis
2.3. Database Building
2.3.1. Data Collection
2.3.2. Data Validation
2.3.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Project Methodology
2.4.1. Secondary Research
2.4.1.1. Annual Reports
2.4.1.2. Academic Research Papers
2.4.1.3. Company Websites
2.4.1.4. Investor Presentations
2.4.1.5. Regulatory Filings
2.4.1.6. White Papers
2.4.1.7. Industry Publications
2.4.1.8. Conferences And Seminars
2.4.1.9. Government Portals
2.4.1.10. Media And Press Releases
2.4.1.11. Newsletters
2.4.1.12. Industry Databases
2.4.1.13. Roots Proprietary Databases
2.4.1.14. Paid Databased And Sources
2.4.1.15. Social Media Portals
2.4.1.16. Other Secondary Sources
2.4.2. Primary Research
2.4.2.1. Types Of Primary Research
2.4.2.1.1. Qualitative Research
2.4.2.1.2. Quantitative Research
2.4.2.1.3. Hybrid Approach
2.4.2.2. Advantages Of Primary Research
2.4.2.3. Techniques For Primary Research
2.4.2.3.1. Interviews
2.4.2.3.2. Surveys
2.4.2.3.3. Focus Groups
2.4.2.3.4. Observational Research
2.4.2.3.5. Social Media Interactions
2.4.2.4. Key Opinion Leaders Considered In Primary Research
2.4.2.4.1. Company Executives (Cxos)
2.4.2.4.2. Board Of Directors
2.4.2.4.3. Company Presidents And Vice Presidents
2.4.2.4.4. Research And Development Heads
2.4.2.4.5. Technical Experts
2.4.2.4.6. Subject Matter Experts
2.4.2.4.7. Scientists
2.4.2.4.8. Doctors And Other Healthcare Providers
2.4.2.5. Ethics And Integrity
2.4.2.5.1. Research Ethics
2.4.2.5.2. Data Integrity
2.4.3. Analytical Tools And Databases
3. Economic And Other Project Specific Considerations
3.1. Chapter Overview
3.2. Market Dynamics
3.2.1. Time Period
3.2.1.1. Historical Trends
3.2.1.2. Current And Forecasted Estimates
3.2.2. Currency Coverage
3.2.2.1. Major Currencies Affecting The Market
3.2.2.2. Impact Of Currency Fluctuations On The Industry
3.2.3. Foreign Exchange Impact
3.2.3.1. Evaluation Of Foreign Exchange Rates And Their Impact On Market
3.2.3.2. Strategies For Mitigating Foreign Exchange Risk
3.2.4. Recession
3.2.4.1. Historical Analysis Of Past Recessions And Lessons Learnt
3.2.4.2. Assessment Of Current Economic Conditions And Potential Impact On The Market
3.2.5. Inflation
3.2.5.1. Measurement And Analysis Of Inflationary Pressures In The Economy
3.2.5.2. Potential Impact Of Inflation On The Market Evolution
4. Executive Summary
4.1. Chapter Overview
5. Introduction
5.1. Chapter Overview
5.2. Classification Of Vaccines Based On Type Of Active Ingredient
5.2.1. Live, Attenuated Vaccines
5.2.2. Inactivated Vaccines
5.2.3. Subunit Vaccines
5.2.4. Toxoid Vaccines
5.2.5. Dna Vaccines
5.3. Key Components Of Vaccine Formulations
5.4. Vaccine Development And Manufacturing
5.4.1. Identification Of Antigen And Manufacturing Process Development
5.4.2. Production Of Vaccines In Different Expression Systems
5.4.2.1. Avian Expression Systems
5.4.2.2. Bacterial Expression Systems
5.4.2.3. Embryonated Chicken Eggs And Primary Chicken Embryonic Fibroblasts (Cefs)
5.4.2.4. Insect Expression Systems
5.4.2.5. Mammalian Expression Systems
5.4.2.6. Plant Expression Systems
5.4.2.7. Yeast Expression Systems
5.4.3. Vaccine Manufacturing Process
5.4.3.1. Upstream Process
5.4.3.2. Downstream Process
5.4.3.3. Formulation And Fill / Finish
5.4.4. Clinical Development And Approval
5.4.5. Vaccine Supply Chain And Logistics
5.5. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing
5.5.1. Need For Outsourcing Vaccine Manufacturing Operations
5.5.2. Commonly Outsourced Operations
5.5.3. Selecting A Contract Manufacturing Partner
5.5.4. Advantages Of Outsourcing Manufacturing Operations
5.5.5. Risks And Challenges Associated With Contract Manufacturing
12.2.5. Analysis By Purpose Of Expansion And Location Of Expanded Facility
12.2.6. Analysis By Amount Invested
12.2.7. Most Active Players: Analysis By Number Of Recent Expansions
13. Mergers And Acqusitions
13.1. Chapter Overview
13.2. Merger And Acquisition Models
13.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing: Mergers And Acquisitions
13.3.1. Analysis By Year Of Agreement
13.3.2. Analysis By Type Of Agreement
13.3.3. Analysis By Geography
13.3.3.1. Intercontinental And Intracontinental Agreements
13.3.3.2. Local And International Agreements
13.3.4. Year-wise Trend In Key Geographies
13.3.5. Most Active Players: Analysis By Number Of Agreements
13.4. Concluding Remarks
14. Capacity Analysis
14.1. Chapter Overview
14.2. Assumptions And Methodology
14.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing: Global Installed Capacity
14.3.1. Analysis By Company Size
14.3.2. Analysis By Type Of Expression System Used
14.3.3. Analysis By Location Of Manufacturing Facility
14.4. Concluding Remarks
15. Demand Analysis
15.1. Chapter Overview
15.2. Assumptions And Methodology
15.3. Global Demand For Vaccines
15.3.1. Global Clinical Demand For Vaccines
15.3.2. Global Commercial Demand For Vaccines
15.4. Analysis By Geography
15.5. Global Clinical Demand For Covid-19 Vaccines
15.6. Global Commercial Demand For Covid-19 Vaccines
16. Vendor Selection Framework Analysis
16.1. Chapter Overview
16.2. Reasons To Outsource In Vaccine Manufacturing
16.3. Commonly Outsourced Operations In Vaccine Manufacturing
16.4. Key Parameters
16.5. Methodology
16.6. Comparison Of Parameters
16.7. Value Addition Vs Evaluation Complexity Matrix
16.8. Case Study Assessment Of Leading Players
16.9. Overview Of Vendor Assessment Dashboard
16.9.1. Scenario I
16.9.2. Scenario Ii
16.9.3. Scenario Iii
16.10. Concluding Remarks
17. Global Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market
17.1. Chapter Overview
17.2. Key Assumptions And Methodology
17.3. Global Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market, Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035)
17.3.1. Scenario Analysis
17.3.1.1. Conservative Scenario
17.3.1.2. Optimistic Scenario
17.4. Key Market Segmentation
17.5. Global Covid-19 Contract Manufacturing Market, Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035)
18. Global Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market, By Type Of Expression System Used
18.1. Chapter Overview
18.2. Key Assumptions And Methodology
18.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market: Distribution By Type Of Expression System Used, 2018, 2024 And 2035
18.3.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mammalian Expression Systems: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
18.3.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Microbial Expression Systems: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
18.3.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Other Expression Systems: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
18.4. Data Triangulation And Validation
19. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market, By Company Size
19.1. Chapter Overview
19.2. Key Assumptions And Methodology
19.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market: Distribution By Company Size, 2018, 2023 And 2035
19.3.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Small Companies: Historical Trends (2018-2022) And Forecasted Estimates (2023-2035)
19.3.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mid-sized Companies: Historical Trends (2018-2022) And Forecasted Estimates (2023-2035)
19.3.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Large And Very Large Companies: Historical Trends (2018-2022) And Forecasted Estimates (2023-2035)
19.4. Data Triangulation And Validation
20. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market, By Key Geographical Regions
20.1. Chapter Overview
20.2. Key Assumptions And Methodology
20.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market: Distribution By Key Geographical Regions, 2018, 2024 And 2035
20.3.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Us: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Canada: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Rest Of North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.4. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mammalian Expression System In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.5. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Microbial Expression System In North America, Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.6. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Other Expression System T In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.7. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Small Companies In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.8. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mid-sized Companies In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.1.9. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Large / Very Large Companies In North America: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Germany: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Uk: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In France: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.4. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Italy: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.5. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Spain: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.6. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Rest Of Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.7. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mammalian Expression System In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.8. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Microbial Expression System In Europe, Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.9. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Other Expression System In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.10. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Small Companies In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.11. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mid-sized Companies In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.2.12. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Large / Very Large Companies In Europe: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.1. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In China: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.2. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In India: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.3. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Japan: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.4. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Rest Of Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.5. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mammalian Expression System In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.6. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Microbial Expression System In Asia-pacific, Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.7. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Other Expression System In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.8. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Small Companies In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.9. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Mid-sized Companies In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.3.10. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market For Large / Very Large Companies In Asia-pacific: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.3.4. Vaccine Contract Manufacturing Market In Rest Of The World: Historical Trends (2018-2023) And Forecasted Estimates (2024-2035) (Usd Billion)
20.4. Data Triangulation And Validation
21. Future Growth Opportunities
21.1. Chapter Overview
21.2. Technological Advancements To Drive Growth In Vaccine Manufacturing Industry
21.3. Shift To Single-use Systems And Components For Vaccine Manufacturing
21.4. The Advent Of Virus-like Particles (Vlps)
21.5. Growing Investments In Existing Infrastructure
21.6. Evolving Client / Sponsor And Cmo / Cdmo Relationships
21.7. Business Acquisition And Consolidation Activity