Global Astaxanthin Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Product (Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass, Softgel, Oil, Liquid), By Source (Natural and Synthetic), By Natural Type, By Application, By Regional Outlook and Forecast, 2022 - 2028

Global Astaxanthin Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Product (Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass, Softgel, Oil, Liquid), By Source (Natural and Synthetic), By Natural Type, By Application, By Regional Outlook and Forecast, 2022 - 2028

The Global Astaxanthin Market size is expected to reach $4.4 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 15.0% CAGR during the forecast period.

Astaxanthin refers to a red-pink pigment mostly available in different seafood and in the feathers of quails and flamingos. The structure of astaxanthin is same as the beta-carotene, also called pro-vitamin A, but it has various chemical differences. Therefore, it is safe to consume astaxanthin. The curiosity about astaxanthin is sustained by a large number of proofs that propose that astaxanthin has a strong antioxidant capacity which leads to various good health outcomes after consumption.

The rising demand for astaxanthin from different end users like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food & beverages, aquaculture & animal feed, and others is the major growth factor for the market growth. Furthermore, the market is predicted to grow in the future years due to the existence of some organizations promoting awareness regarding the usage of such products.

The rising awareness of nutritional products and growing acceptance of dietary supplements to avoid the high cost of hospitalization and lesser side effect of astaxanthin are the major factors that are expected to increase the demand for nutraceuticals and natural antioxidants. Astaxanthin is a strong antioxidant with various health advantages.

Astaxanthin is more effective than antioxidants like vitamin E. Furthermore, it provides an essential dietary supplement and is popularly consumed to overcome several health consequences. Some consequences are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Because of rising awareness about nutrition-rich supplements among people, there will be a rise in the growth of the nutraceutical businesses at a fast speed.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The widespread of COVID-19 has remarkably impacted the astaxanthin market. The pandemic period has highlighted the importance of healthy, safe, and nutritive eating habits among people all over the world. During the pandemic period, the manufacturers of astaxanthin faced substantial problems to fulfill the rising demand for the functional food as per the consumer’s changing tastes and preferences. The prices of raw materials were also raised because of trade barriers, disturbance in the supply of raw materials, and poor distribution channels due to the restrictions imposed to combat the spread of COVID-19. The less availability and rising prices of raw materials, and rising cost of production became hurdles to the growth of the astaxanthin market during pandemic period.

Market Growth Factors

Rising demand for cosmetic products

As the spending ability of the consumer rises, a significant rise has been seen in the world’s cosmetic business. This development is majorly seen in the emerging economies. The demand for skin whitening products and the increasing usage of cosmetics in semi-urban and rural areas are important growth factors for the cosmetic business in these countries. Nutricosmetic and cosmeceuticals are attaining high acceptance, especially in developed countries, like United States, Canada, and others. Astaxanthin has several advantages as a precautionary application, mainly as a sun care. Further, because of this, the rising demand for cosmetic products would offer growth opportunities to the astaxanthin market.

Increased consumption as a health supplement

Astaxanthin acts as an anti-cancer and anti-oxidant agent which prevents from cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases and improves the immune system. Additionally, it acts as an anti-aging agent and is proven beneficial in preventing from age-related muscle deterioration. It can also help in removing and resisting fatigue. Pharmaceuticals application use astaxanthin in form of dosages like capsules, soft gels, oils, creams, biomass, and granulated powder. Because of their advantageous properties, astaxanthins are also used as an antioxidant to enhance nutritional value. Due to these health benefits of astaxanthin, the consumption of ASX as health supplement has increased, thereby leading to market growth.

Market Restraining Factors

Adulteration risk associated with astaxanthin

The issue regarding adulteration in astaxanthin has become an utmost challenge for the astaxanthin market. Adulterated astaxanthin is highly dangerous for humans, animals, and the environment. Animals cannot independently produce astaxanthin and have to rely on food. Not providing appropriate nutrients to the feed and food products can be harmful for both animals and humans. The rate of adulteration of astaxanthin, particularly in developed region’s is growing. Synthetic astaxanthin being marketed these days is produced from petrochemicals or genetically mutated yeast which is harmful for human consumption. Thus, the adulteration poses a significant challenge to market growth during projection period.

Source Outlook

On the basis of source, the astaxanthin market is classified into natural and synthetic. In 2021, the synthetic astaxanthin segment garnered a substantial revenue share in astaxanthin market. It is a carotenoid of high value which is manufactured by chemical synthesis and also by removal of the biomass of the microalga Haematococcus Pluvialis. Apart from this, other microalgae also have the ability to be utilized as a source for the production of astaxanthin. The molecules of synthetic astaxanthin are derived from petroleum sources, and it is widely used in aquaculture.

Product Outlook

On the basis of product, the astaxanthin market is segmented into dried algae meal or biomass, oil, soft gel, and liquid. In 2021, the dried algae meal or biomass segment witnessed the largest revenue share in the astaxanthin market. By keeping the body healthy and free from infections and diseases and further boosting immunity and stamina, astaxanthin offers a wide range of advantages to the human body and aids in leading a healthy lifestyle. With the rising awareness regarding health and health lifestyle among people, the market is predicted to surge in this segment.

Application Outlook

On the basis of application, the astaxanthin market is bifurcated into nutraceuticals, cosmetics, aquaculture & animal feed, food and others. In 2021, the aquaculture & animal feed segment held the largest revenue share in astaxanthin market. It has been considered that the usage of astaxanthin in aquaculture can improve the immunity of animals, decrease mortality and avoid antibiotics abuse. Additionally, astaxanthin has a major act in the pigmentation of some aquatic animals like, rainbow trout and ornamental fish.

Regional Outlook

Region wise, the astaxanthin market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and LAMEA. In 2021, the North America region projected the highest revenue share in the astaxanthin market. The usage of astaxanthin in medical processes is also getting approval in this region because of the rising awareness regarding the health benefits provided by the astaxanthin. The increasing practice of aquaculture in the North American region has developed the popularity of astaxanthin. U.S. and Mexico have huge population that consumes seafood which need astaxanthin as an ingredient in processing the functionality of the food and also in various health supplement for customers. As a result, the market in this region is projected to grow.

The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include E.I.D. Parry Limited (Murugappa Group), Cyanotech Corporation, ENEOS Corporation (Eneos Holdings), Algatech Ltd. (Solabia Group), MicroA AS, Beijing Gingko Group, Algalif Iceland ehf, Piveg, Inc., Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., and Atacama Bio Natural Products S.A.

Scope of the Study

Market Segments covered in the Report:

By Product

  • Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass
  • Softgel
  • Oil
  • Liquid
  • Others
By Source
  • Natural
  • Yeast
  • Microalgae
  • Krill/Shrimp
  • Others
  • Synthetic
By Application
  • Aquaculture & Animal Feed
  • Nutraceuticals
  • Cosmetics
  • Food
  • Others
By Geography
  • North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Rest of North America
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Russia
  • Spain
  • Italy
  • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Singapore
  • Malaysia
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • LAMEA
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • UAE
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • Nigeria
  • Rest of LAMEA
Companies Profiled
  • E.I.D. Parry Limited (Murugappa Group)
  • Cyanotech Corporation
  • ENEOS Corporation (Eneos Holdings)
  • Algatech Ltd. (Solabia Group)
  • MicroA AS
  • Beijing Gingko Group
  • Algalif Iceland ehf
  • Piveg, Inc.
  • Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.
  • Atacama Bio Natural Products S.A.
Unique Offerings from KBV Research
  • Exhaustive coverage
  • Highest number of market tables and figures
  • Subscription based model available
  • Guaranteed best price
  • Assured post sales research support with 10% customization free


Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Market Scope
1.4 Segmentation
1.4.1 Global Astaxanthin Market, by Product
1.4.2 Global Astaxanthin Market, by Source
1.4.3 Global Astaxanthin Market, by Application
1.4.4 Global Astaxanthin Market, by Geography
1.5 Methodology for the research
Chapter 2. Market Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.1.1 Market Composition & Scenario
2.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market
2.2.1 Market Drivers
2.2.2 Market Restraints
Chapter 3. Global Astaxanthin Market by Product
3.1 Global Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass Market by Region
3.2 Global Softgel Market by Region
3.3 Global Oil Market by Region
3.4 Global Liquid Market by Region
3.5 Global Others Market by Region
Chapter 4. Global Astaxanthin Market by Source
4.1 Global Natural Market by Region
4.2 Global Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
4.2.1 Global Yeast Market by Region
4.2.2 Global Microalgae Market by Region
4.2.3 Global Krill/Shrimp Market by Region
4.2.4 Global Others Market by Region
4.3 Global Synthetic Market by Region
Chapter 5. Global Astaxanthin Market by Application
5.1 Global Aquaculture & Animal Feed Market by Region
5.2 Global Nutraceuticals Market by Region
5.3 Global Cosmetics Market by Region
5.4 Global Food Market by Region
5.5 Global Others Market by Region
Chapter 6. Global Astaxanthin Market by Region
6.1 North America Astaxanthin Market
6.1.1 North America Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.1.1.1 North America Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass Market by Country
6.1.1.2 North America Softgel Market by Country
6.1.1.3 North America Oil Market by Country
6.1.1.4 North America Liquid Market by Country
6.1.1.5 North America Others Market by Country
6.1.2 North America Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.1.2.1 North America Natural Market by Country
6.1.2.2 North America Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.1.2.2.1 North America Yeast Market by Country
6.1.2.2.2 North America Microalgae Market by Country
6.1.2.2.3 North America Krill/Shrimp Market by Country
6.1.2.2.4 North America Others Market by Country
6.1.2.3 North America Synthetic Market by Country
6.1.3 North America Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.1.3.1 North America Aquaculture & Animal Feed Market by Country
6.1.3.2 North America Nutraceuticals Market by Country
6.1.3.3 North America Cosmetics Market by Country
6.1.3.4 North America Food Market by Country
6.1.3.5 North America Others Market by Country
6.1.4 North America Astaxanthin Market by Country
6.1.4.1 US Astaxanthin Market
6.1.4.1.1 US Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.1.4.1.2 US Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.1.4.1.2.1 US Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.1.4.1.3 US Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.1.4.2 Canada Astaxanthin Market
6.1.4.2.1 Canada Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.1.4.2.2 Canada Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.1.4.2.2.1 Canada Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.1.4.2.3 Canada Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.1.4.3 Mexico Astaxanthin Market
6.1.4.3.1 Mexico Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.1.4.3.2 Mexico Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.1.4.3.2.1 Mexico Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.1.4.3.3 Mexico Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.1.4.4 Rest of North America Astaxanthin Market
6.1.4.4.1 Rest of North America Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.1.4.4.2 Rest of North America Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.1.4.4.2.1 Rest of North America Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.1.4.4.3 Rest of North America Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2 Europe Astaxanthin Market
6.2.1 Europe Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.1.1 Europe Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass Market by Country
6.2.1.2 Europe Softgel Market by Country
6.2.1.3 Europe Oil Market by Country
6.2.1.4 Europe Liquid Market by Country
6.2.1.5 Europe Others Market by Country
6.2.2 Europe Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.2.1 Europe Natural Market by Country
6.2.2.2 Europe Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.2.2.1 Europe Yeast Market by Country
6.2.2.2.2 Europe Microalgae Market by Country
6.2.2.2.3 Europe Krill/Shrimp Market by Country
6.2.2.2.4 Europe Others Market by Country
6.2.2.3 Europe Synthetic Market by Country
6.2.3 Europe Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.3.1 Europe Aquaculture & Animal Feed Market by Country
6.2.3.2 Europe Nutraceuticals Market by Country
6.2.3.3 Europe Cosmetics Market by Country
6.2.3.4 Europe Food Market by Country
6.2.3.5 Europe Others Market by Country
6.2.4 Europe Astaxanthin Market by Country
6.2.4.1 Germany Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.1.1 Germany Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.1.2 Germany Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.1.2.1 Germany Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.1.3 Germany Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.2 UK Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.2.1 UK Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.2.2 UK Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.2.2.1 UK Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.2.3 UK Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.3 France Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.3.1 France Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.3.2 France Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.3.2.1 France Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.3.3 France Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.4 Russia Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.4.1 Russia Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.4.2 Russia Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.4.2.1 Russia Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.4.3 Russia Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.5 Spain Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.5.1 Spain Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.5.2 Spain Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.5.2.1 Spain Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.5.3 Spain Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.6 Italy Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.6.1 Italy Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.6.2 Italy Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.6.2.1 Italy Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.6.3 Italy Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.2.4.7 Rest of Europe Astaxanthin Market
6.2.4.7.1 Rest of Europe Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.2.4.7.2 Rest of Europe Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.2.4.7.2.1 Rest of Europe Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.2.4.7.3 Rest of Europe Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market
6.3.1 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.1.1 Asia Pacific Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass Market by Country
6.3.1.2 Asia Pacific Softgel Market by Country
6.3.1.3 Asia Pacific Oil Market by Country
6.3.1.4 Asia Pacific Liquid Market by Country
6.3.1.5 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country
6.3.2 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.2.1 Asia Pacific Natural Market by Country
6.3.2.2 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.2.2.1 Asia Pacific Yeast Market by Country
6.3.2.2.2 Asia Pacific Microalgae Market by Country
6.3.2.2.3 Asia Pacific Krill/Shrimp Market by Country
6.3.2.2.4 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country
6.3.2.3 Asia Pacific Synthetic Market by Country
6.3.3 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.3.1 Asia Pacific Aquaculture & Animal Feed Market by Country
6.3.3.2 Asia Pacific Nutraceuticals Market by Country
6.3.3.3 Asia Pacific Cosmetics Market by Country
6.3.3.4 Asia Pacific Food Market by Country
6.3.3.5 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country
6.3.4 Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Country
6.3.4.1 China Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.1.1 China Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.1.2 China Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.1.2.1 China Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.1.3 China Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.2 Japan Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.2.1 Japan Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.2.2 Japan Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.2.2.1 Japan Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.2.3 Japan Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.3 India Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.3.1 India Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.3.2 India Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.3.2.1 India Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.3.3 India Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.4 South Korea Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.4.1 South Korea Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.4.2 South Korea Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.4.2.1 South Korea Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.4.3 South Korea Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.5 Singapore Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.5.1 Singapore Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.5.2 Singapore Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.5.2.1 Singapore Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.5.3 Singapore Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.6 Malaysia Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.6.1 Malaysia Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.6.2 Malaysia Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.6.2.1 Malaysia Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.6.3 Malaysia Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.3.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market
6.3.4.7.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.3.4.7.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.3.4.7.2.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.3.4.7.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market
6.4.1 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.1.1 LAMEA Dried Algae Meal Or Biomass Market by Country
6.4.1.2 LAMEA Softgel Market by Country
6.4.1.3 LAMEA Oil Market by Country
6.4.1.4 LAMEA Liquid Market by Country
6.4.1.5 LAMEA Others Market by Country
6.4.2 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.2.1 LAMEA Natural Market by Country
6.4.2.2 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.2.2.1 LAMEA Yeast Market by Country
6.4.2.2.2 LAMEA Microalgae Market by Country
6.4.2.2.3 LAMEA Krill/Shrimp Market by Country
6.4.2.2.4 LAMEA Others Market by Country
6.4.2.3 LAMEA Synthetic Market by Country
6.4.3 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.3.1 LAMEA Aquaculture & Animal Feed Market by Country
6.4.3.2 LAMEA Nutraceuticals Market by Country
6.4.3.3 LAMEA Cosmetics Market by Country
6.4.3.4 LAMEA Food Market by Country
6.4.3.5 LAMEA Others Market by Country
6.4.4 LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Country
6.4.4.1 Brazil Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.1.1 Brazil Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.1.2 Brazil Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.1.2.1 Brazil Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.1.3 Brazil Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.2 Argentina Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.2.1 Argentina Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.2.2 Argentina Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.2.2.1 Argentina Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.2.3 Argentina Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.3 UAE Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.3.1 UAE Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.3.2 UAE Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.3.2.1 UAE Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.3.3 UAE Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.4 Saudi Arabia Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.4.1 Saudi Arabia Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.4.2 Saudi Arabia Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.4.2.1 Saudi Arabia Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.4.3 Saudi Arabia Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.5 South Africa Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.5.1 South Africa Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.5.2 South Africa Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.5.2.1 South Africa Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.5.3 South Africa Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.6 Nigeria Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.6.1 Nigeria Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.6.2 Nigeria Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.6.2.1 Nigeria Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.6.3 Nigeria Astaxanthin Market by Application
6.4.4.7 Rest of LAMEA Astaxanthin Market
6.4.4.7.1 Rest of LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Product
6.4.4.7.2 Rest of LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Source
6.4.4.7.2.1 Rest of LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Natural Type
6.4.4.7.3 Rest of LAMEA Astaxanthin Market by Application
Chapter 7. Company Profiles
7.1 E.I.D. Parry Limited (Murugappa Group)
7.1.1 Company Overview
7.1.2 Financial Analysis
7.1.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
7.1.4 Research & Development Expenses
7.1.5 Recent Strategies and Developments:
7.1.5.1 Acquisitions, Mergers and Joint Ventures:
7.2 Cyanotech Corporation
7.2.1 Company Overview
7.2.2 Financial Analysis
7.2.3 Regional Analysis
7.2.4 Research & Development Expenses
7.2.5 Recent Strategies and developments:
7.2.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
7.3 ENEOS Corporation (Eneos Holdings)
7.3.1 Company Overview
7.3.2 Financial Analysis
7.3.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
7.3.4 Research & Development Expense
7.4 Algatech Ltd. (Solabia Group)
7.4.1 Company Overview
7.4.2 Recent strategies and developments:
7.4.2.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
7.5 MicroA AS
7.5.1 Company Overview
7.6 Beijing Gingko Group
7.6.1 Company Overview
7.7 Algalif Iceland ehf
7.7.1 Company Overview
7.8 Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.
7.8.1 Company Overview
7.9 Piveg, Inc.
7.9.1 Company Overview
7.10. Atacama Bio Natural Products S.A.
7.10.1 Company Overview

Download our eBook: How to Succeed Using Market Research

Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.

Download eBook
Cookie Settings