Language Training Market in India 2025-2029

Best Price Guarantee	Length	Publisher	Published Date	SKU
from $2,500	159 Pages	TechNavio	January, 2025	INF19489064

Best Price Guarantee
Price	from $2,500
Length	159 Pages
Publisher	TechNavio
Published Date	January, 2025
SKU	INF19489064

Language Training Market In India 2025-2029

The language training market in india is forecasted to grow by USD 10874.9 mn during 2024-2029, accelerating at a CAGR of 17.3% during the forecast period. The report on the language training market in india provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by growing emphasis on continuous professional development, increase in government initiatives for education, and rising demand for cross-cultural training and global competence.

Technavio's language training market in india is segmented as below:

By End-user

Institutional learners
Individual learners

By Learning Method

Classroom-based
Online
Blended

By Language

English
French
German
Spanish
Others

By Geographical Landscape

APAC

This study identifies the integration of technology in learning and training, such as e-learning platforms, virtual reality (VR), and simulations as one of the prime reasons driving the language training market in india growth during the next few years. Also, increasing adoption of e-learning, virtual classrooms, and online certification courses and rise in demand for training programs focusing on business management, entrepreneurship, and innovation will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the language training market in india covers the following areas:

Language Training Market in India sizing
Language Training Market in India forecast
Language Training Market in India industry analysis

The robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading language training market in india vendors that include Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France, Babbel GmbH, Berlitz Corp., British Council, Cambridge Institute, Cosmolingua, EF Education First Ltd., Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG, Goethe-Institut, Henry Harvin Education Inc., inlingua International Ltd., Institute of Universal Languages and Education, IXL Learning Inc., Language Services Bureau, LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages, Pearson Plc, and ReSOLT EdTech LLP. Also, the language training market in india analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive primary and secondary research. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

1 Executive Summary: 1.1 Market overview; Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview; Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview; Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics; Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user; Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Learning Method; Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Language; Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Technavio Analysis: 2.1 Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria; Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria; 2.2 Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation; Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation; 2.3 Factors of disruption; Overview on factors of disruption; 2.4 Impact of drivers and challenges; Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029
3 Market Landscape: 3.1 Market ecosystem; Parent Market; Data Table on - Parent Market; 3.2 Market characteristics; Market characteristics analysis; 3.3 Value chain analysis; Value chain analysis
4 Market Sizing: 4.1 Market definition; Offerings of companies included in the market definition; 4.2 Market segment analysis; Market segments; 4.3 Market size 2024; 4.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2024-2029; Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on India: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on India: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%)
5 Historic Market Size: 5.1 Language Training Market in India 2019 - 2023; Historic Market Size - Data Table on Language Training Market in India 2019 - 2023 ($ million); 5.2 End-user segment analysis 2019 - 2023; Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million); 5.3 Learning Method segment analysis 2019 - 2023; Historic Market Size - Learning Method Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million); 5.4 Language segment analysis 2019 - 2023; Historic Market Size - Language Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million)
6 Qualitative Analysis: 6.1 AI impact on Language Training Market in India
7 Five Forces Analysis: 7.1 Five forces summary; Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029; 7.2 Bargaining power of buyers; Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029; 7.3 Bargaining power of suppliers; Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; 7.4 Threat of new entrants; Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; 7.5 Threat of substitutes; Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; 7.6 Threat of rivalry; Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; 7.7 Market condition; Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029
8 Market Segmentation by End-user: 8.1 Market segments; Chart on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%); 8.2 Comparison by End-user; Chart on Comparison by End-user; Data Table on Comparison by End-user; 8.3 Institutional learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Institutional learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Institutional learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Institutional learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Institutional learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 8.4 Individual learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Individual learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Individual learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Individual learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Individual learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 8.5 Market opportunity by End-user; Market opportunity by End-user ($ million); Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million)
9 Market Segmentation by Learning Method: 9.1 Market segments; Chart on Learning Method - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Learning Method - Market share 2024-2029 (%); 9.2 Comparison by Learning Method; Chart on Comparison by Learning Method; Data Table on Comparison by Learning Method; 9.3 Classroom-based - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Classroom-based - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Classroom-based - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Classroom-based - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Classroom-based - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 9.4 Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 9.5 Blended - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Blended - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Blended - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Blended - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Blended - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 9.6 Market opportunity by Learning Method; Market opportunity by Learning Method ($ million); Data Table on Market opportunity by Learning Method ($ million)
10 Market Segmentation by Language: 10.1 Market segments; Chart on Language - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Language - Market share 2024-2029 (%); 10.2 Comparison by Language; Chart on Comparison by Language; Data Table on Comparison by Language; 10.3 English - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on English - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on English - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on English - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on English - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 10.4 French - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on French - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on French - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on French - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on French - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 10.5 German - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on German - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on German - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on German - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on German - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 10.6 Spanish - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Spanish - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Spanish - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Spanish - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Spanish - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 10.7 Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029; Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); 10.8 Market opportunity by Language; Market opportunity by Language ($ million); Data Table on Market opportunity by Language ($ million)
11 Customer Landscape: 11.1 Customer landscape overview; Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
12 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints: 12.1 Market drivers; 12.2 Market challenges; 12.3 Impact of drivers and challenges; Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029; 12.4 Market opportunities/restraints
13 Competitive Landscape: 13.1 Overview; 13.2 Competitive Landscape; Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation; 13.3 Landscape disruption; Overview on factors of disruption; 13.4 Industry risks; Impact of key risks on business
14 Competitive Analysis: 14.1 Companies profiled; Companies covered; 14.2 Company ranking index; Company ranking index; 14.3 Market positioning of companies; Matrix on companies position and classification; 14.4 Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France; Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Overview; Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Product / Service; Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.5 Berlitz Corp.; Berlitz Corp. - Overview; Berlitz Corp. - Product / Service; Berlitz Corp. - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.6 British Council; British Council - Overview; British Council - Product / Service; British Council - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.7 Cambridge Institute; Cambridge Institute - Overview; Cambridge Institute - Product / Service; Cambridge Institute - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.8 Cosmolingua; Cosmolingua - Overview; Cosmolingua - Product / Service; Cosmolingua - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.9 Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG; Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Overview; Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Product / Service; Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.10 Goethe-Institut; Goethe-Institut - Overview; Goethe-Institut - Product / Service; Goethe-Institut - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.11 Henry Harvin Education Inc.; Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Overview; Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Product / Service; Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.12 inlingua International Ltd.; inlingua International Ltd. - Overview; inlingua International Ltd. - Product / Service; inlingua International Ltd. - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.13 Institute of Universal Languages and Education; Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Overview; Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Product / Service; Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.14 IXL Learning Inc.; IXL Learning Inc. - Overview; IXL Learning Inc. - Product / Service; IXL Learning Inc. - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.15 Language Services Bureau; Language Services Bureau - Overview; Language Services Bureau - Product / Service; Language Services Bureau - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.16 LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages; LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Overview; LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Product / Service; LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Key offerings; SWOT; 14.17 Pearson Plc; Pearson Plc - Overview; Pearson Plc - Business segments; Pearson Plc - Key news; Pearson Plc - Key offerings; Pearson Plc - Segment focus; SWOT; 14.18 ReSOLT EdTech LLP; ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Overview; ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Product / Service; ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Key offerings; SWOT
15 Appendix: 15.1 Scope of the report; 15.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist; Inclusions checklist; Exclusions checklist; 15.3 Currency conversion rates for US$; Currency conversion rates for US$; 15.4 Research methodology; Research methodology; 15.5 Data procurement; Information sources; 15.6 Data validation; Data validation; 15.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing; Validation techniques employed for market sizing; 15.8 Data synthesis; Data synthesis; 15.9 360 degree market analysis; 360 degree market analysis; 15.10 List of abbreviations; List of abbreviations; Exhibits:; Exhibits1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview; Exhibits2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview; Exhibits3: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics; Exhibits4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by End-user; Exhibits5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Learning Method; Exhibits6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Language; Exhibits7: Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning; Exhibits8: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria; Exhibits9: Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation; Exhibits10: Overview on factors of disruption; Exhibits11: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits12: Parent Market; Exhibits13: Data Table on - Parent Market; Exhibits14: Market characteristics analysis; Exhibits15: Value chain analysis; Exhibits16: Offerings of companies included in the market definition; Exhibits17: Market segments; Exhibits18: Chart on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits19: Data Table on India - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits20: Chart on India: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits21: Data Table on India: Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits22: Historic Market Size - Data Table on Language Training Market in India 2019 - 2023 ($ million); Exhibits23: Historic Market Size - End-user Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million); Exhibits24: Historic Market Size - Learning Method Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million); Exhibits25: Historic Market Size - Language Segment 2019 - 2023 ($ million); Exhibits26: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2024 and 2029; Exhibits27: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2024 and 2029; Exhibits28: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits29: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits30: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits31: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits32: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2024 and 2029; Exhibits33: Chart on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits34: Data Table on End-user - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits35: Chart on Comparison by End-user; Exhibits36: Data Table on Comparison by End-user; Exhibits37: Chart on Institutional learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits38: Data Table on Institutional learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits39: Chart on Institutional learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits40: Data Table on Institutional learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits41: Chart on Individual learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits42: Data Table on Individual learners - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits43: Chart on Individual learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits44: Data Table on Individual learners - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits45: Market opportunity by End-user ($ million); Exhibits46: Data Table on Market opportunity by End-user ($ million); Exhibits47: Chart on Learning Method - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits48: Data Table on Learning Method - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits49: Chart on Comparison by Learning Method; Exhibits50: Data Table on Comparison by Learning Method; Exhibits51: Chart on Classroom-based - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits52: Data Table on Classroom-based - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits53: Chart on Classroom-based - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits54: Data Table on Classroom-based - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits55: Chart on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits56: Data Table on Online - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits57: Chart on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits58: Data Table on Online - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits59: Chart on Blended - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits60: Data Table on Blended - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits61: Chart on Blended - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits62: Data Table on Blended - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits63: Market opportunity by Learning Method ($ million); Exhibits64: Data Table on Market opportunity by Learning Method ($ million); Exhibits65: Chart on Language - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits66: Data Table on Language - Market share 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits67: Chart on Comparison by Language; Exhibits68: Data Table on Comparison by Language; Exhibits69: Chart on English - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits70: Data Table on English - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits71: Chart on English - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits72: Data Table on English - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits73: Chart on French - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits74: Data Table on French - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits75: Chart on French - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits76: Data Table on French - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits77: Chart on German - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits78: Data Table on German - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits79: Chart on German - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits80: Data Table on German - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits81: Chart on Spanish - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits82: Data Table on Spanish - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits83: Chart on Spanish - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits84: Data Table on Spanish - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits85: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits86: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2024-2029 ($ million); Exhibits87: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits88: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2024-2029 (%); Exhibits89: Market opportunity by Language ($ million); Exhibits90: Data Table on Market opportunity by Language ($ million); Exhibits91: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria; Exhibits92: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2024 and 2029; Exhibits93: Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation; Exhibits94: Overview on factors of disruption; Exhibits95: Impact of key risks on business; Exhibits96: Companies covered; Exhibits97: Company ranking index; Exhibits98: Matrix on companies position and classification; Exhibits99: Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Overview; Exhibits100: Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Product / Service; Exhibits101: Alliance Francaise Paris ile de France - Key offerings; Exhibits102: SWOT; Exhibits103: Berlitz Corp. - Overview; Exhibits104: Berlitz Corp. - Product / Service; Exhibits105: Berlitz Corp. - Key offerings; Exhibits106: SWOT; Exhibits107: British Council - Overview; Exhibits108: British Council - Product / Service; Exhibits109: British Council - Key offerings; Exhibits110: SWOT; Exhibits111: Cambridge Institute - Overview; Exhibits112: Cambridge Institute - Product / Service; Exhibits113: Cambridge Institute - Key offerings; Exhibits114: SWOT; Exhibits115: Cosmolingua - Overview; Exhibits116: Cosmolingua - Product / Service; Exhibits117: Cosmolingua - Key offerings; Exhibits118: SWOT; Exhibits119: Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Overview; Exhibits120: Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Product / Service; Exhibits121: Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH and Co. KG - Key offerings; Exhibits122: SWOT; Exhibits123: Goethe-Institut - Overview; Exhibits124: Goethe-Institut - Product / Service; Exhibits125: Goethe-Institut - Key offerings; Exhibits126: SWOT; Exhibits127: Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Overview; Exhibits128: Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Product / Service; Exhibits129: Henry Harvin Education Inc. - Key offerings; Exhibits130: SWOT; Exhibits131: inlingua International Ltd. - Overview; Exhibits132: inlingua International Ltd. - Product / Service; Exhibits133: inlingua International Ltd. - Key offerings; Exhibits134: SWOT; Exhibits135: Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Overview; Exhibits136: Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Product / Service; Exhibits137: Institute of Universal Languages and Education - Key offerings; Exhibits138: SWOT; Exhibits139: IXL Learning Inc. - Overview; Exhibits140: IXL Learning Inc. - Product / Service; Exhibits141: IXL Learning Inc. - Key offerings; Exhibits142: SWOT; Exhibits143: Language Services Bureau - Overview; Exhibits144: Language Services Bureau - Product / Service; Exhibits145: Language Services Bureau - Key offerings; Exhibits146: SWOT; Exhibits147: LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Overview; Exhibits148: LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Product / Service; Exhibits149: LetsTalk Academy of English and Foreign Languages - Key offerings; Exhibits150: SWOT; Exhibits151: Pearson Plc - Overview; Exhibits152: Pearson Plc - Business segments; Exhibits153: Pearson Plc - Key news; Exhibits154: Pearson Plc - Key offerings; Exhibits155: Pearson Plc - Segment focus; Exhibits156: SWOT; Exhibits157: ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Overview; Exhibits158: ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Product / Service; Exhibits159: ReSOLT EdTech LLP - Key offerings; Exhibits160: SWOT; Exhibits161: Inclusions checklist; Exhibits162: Exclusions checklist; Exhibits163: Currency conversion rates for US$; Exhibits164: Research methodology; Exhibits165: Information sources; Exhibits166: Data validation; Exhibits167: Validation techniques employed for market sizing; Exhibits168: Data synthesis; Exhibits169: 360 degree market analysis; Exhibits170: List of abbreviations