Cardiac Marker Testing Market Analysis and Forecast till 2031: By Product (Reagents & Kits, Instruments), Biomarker Type (Troponin I & T, CK-MB, Bnp or Nt-Probnp, Myoglobin, Hscrp, Others), Disease (Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, Acute C
Description
Cardiac Marker Testing Market Analysis and Forecast till 2031: By Product (Reagents & Kits, Instruments), Biomarker Type (Troponin I & T, CK-MB, Bnp or Nt-Probnp, Myoglobin, Hscrp, Others), Disease (Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, Acute Coronary Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Ischemia), End User (Laboratory Testing Facilities, Academic Institutions, Point of Care Testing Facilities), and Region
The global cardiac marker testing market was valued at USD 3.9 billion in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow at 10.4% CAGR during the forecast period to reach up to USD 10.5 billion by 2031.
Cardiac markers are utilized in the treatment and risk stratification of patients with the suspected coronary acute syndrome (ACS). Troponin I and T, HDCRP, myoglobin, CK-MB, and other cardiac marker tests are among the most common. When the heart is stressed or injured, substances called cardiac markers are released into the blood. Hormones, enzymes, and proteins are examples of these markers. These biomarkers can be helpful to detect a variety of heart disorders, comprising acute coronary syndrome, cardiac ischemia, and conditions involving obstructed blood flow to the heart. Physicians perform several cardiac marker tests over several hours to keep track of the blood sugar increase and determine the severity of a heart attack.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market Scope and Report Structure
Market Trends and Drivers
The key factor boosting the growth of the market is the growing incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which are major risk factors for CVD, is also on the rise. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults globally were overweight; of these, over 600 million people were obese. It is anticipated that ~41% of the world’s population will be overweight or obese by 2030. The association between obesity and the risk of coronary heart disease was published by investigators (Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hogeveen RT, et al.) by a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies conducted by them with more than 300,000 participants. It was witnessed that participants who were overweight had a 32% higher risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD), and those who were obese had an 81% higher risk as compared with participants who were a normal weight.
Market Restraints and Challenges
The major factor hindering the market growth is technical problems related to sample collection and storage. Many epidemiology studies use cardiac biomarkers to investigate different stages of diseases in humans. It requires careful handling and storage of precious biological samples with the goal of obtaining a large amount of information from limited samples and reducing future research costs with the use of banked samples. Sample collection is thus one of the key issues faced by service providers, followed by access to these samples. Similarly, stringent quality control is also required for these samples, and they need to be stored under the right conditions to avoid any damage. Adding to that, different samples are required for risk detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring processes. The validity of results from cardiac biomarker studies using archived specimens is dependent on the integrity of specimens and the manner in which they were collected, processed, and stored.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market Segmentation
The report analyses global cardiac marker testing market based on product, biomarker type, disease, end user, and region.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing by Product
Based on product, it is segmented into reagents & kits, and instruments. The reagents and kits segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The growing number of cardiac marker testing procedure, accessibility to a wide range of cardiac biomarker reagents and kits combined with growing demand for reliable, specific, and faster detection of cardiovascular diseases at an early stage are the primary factor boosting the market growth during the forecast period.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by Biomarker Type
Based on biomarker type, it is segmented into troponin I and T, CK-MB, Bnp or Nt-Probnp, Myoglobin, Hscrp, and others. Troponin I and T is anticipated to be the fastest-growing segment in the cardiac marker testing market. The large share of this segment can be attributed to high sensitivity and specificity, long elevation times, and rapid prediction of outcome or mortality.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by Disease
Based on disease, it is segmented into myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. The myocardial infarction segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The key factors such as the growing incidence of cardiovascular diseases coupled with the rapidly increasing geriatric population and the subsequent increase in the burden of heart diseases across the globe are boosting the growth of the market.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by End User
Based on end user, it is segmented into laboratory testing, academic institutions, and point of care testing facilities. The laboratory testing segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The key factors such as growing funding from public and private organizations for research on cardiac biomarkers coupled with ongoing clinical trials for the identification of novel cardiac biomarkers are boosting the growth of the market.
Geographical Analysis of Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market
Region-wise, it is studied across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the rest of the World. The North America is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The increasing incidence of cardiovascular diseases coupled with growing public and private investments, NIH support for the development of novel cardiac biomarkers, and the rising geriatric population is boosting the market growth.
Major Players in Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market
COVID-19 Impact
The cardiac marker testing market is also faced a period of short-term negative growth, which can be attributed to factors such as a greater than 50% drop in the number of patients with cardiovascular conditions and those diagnosed with myocardial infarction. All areas of cardiology service provision sustained significant reductions, which comprises outpatient clinics, investigations, procedures, and cardiology community services like cardiac rehabilitation.
Recent Developments
Please Note: This report will be delivered by publisher within 3-4 business days of order confirmation.
The global cardiac marker testing market was valued at USD 3.9 billion in 2021 and it is anticipated to grow at 10.4% CAGR during the forecast period to reach up to USD 10.5 billion by 2031.
Cardiac markers are utilized in the treatment and risk stratification of patients with the suspected coronary acute syndrome (ACS). Troponin I and T, HDCRP, myoglobin, CK-MB, and other cardiac marker tests are among the most common. When the heart is stressed or injured, substances called cardiac markers are released into the blood. Hormones, enzymes, and proteins are examples of these markers. These biomarkers can be helpful to detect a variety of heart disorders, comprising acute coronary syndrome, cardiac ischemia, and conditions involving obstructed blood flow to the heart. Physicians perform several cardiac marker tests over several hours to keep track of the blood sugar increase and determine the severity of a heart attack.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market Scope and Report Structure
Market Trends and Drivers
The key factor boosting the growth of the market is the growing incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of lifestyle diseases such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, which are major risk factors for CVD, is also on the rise. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults globally were overweight; of these, over 600 million people were obese. It is anticipated that ~41% of the world’s population will be overweight or obese by 2030. The association between obesity and the risk of coronary heart disease was published by investigators (Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hogeveen RT, et al.) by a meta-analysis of 21 long-term studies conducted by them with more than 300,000 participants. It was witnessed that participants who were overweight had a 32% higher risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD), and those who were obese had an 81% higher risk as compared with participants who were a normal weight.
Market Restraints and Challenges
The major factor hindering the market growth is technical problems related to sample collection and storage. Many epidemiology studies use cardiac biomarkers to investigate different stages of diseases in humans. It requires careful handling and storage of precious biological samples with the goal of obtaining a large amount of information from limited samples and reducing future research costs with the use of banked samples. Sample collection is thus one of the key issues faced by service providers, followed by access to these samples. Similarly, stringent quality control is also required for these samples, and they need to be stored under the right conditions to avoid any damage. Adding to that, different samples are required for risk detection, screening, diagnosis, and monitoring processes. The validity of results from cardiac biomarker studies using archived specimens is dependent on the integrity of specimens and the manner in which they were collected, processed, and stored.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market Segmentation
The report analyses global cardiac marker testing market based on product, biomarker type, disease, end user, and region.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing by Product
Based on product, it is segmented into reagents & kits, and instruments. The reagents and kits segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The growing number of cardiac marker testing procedure, accessibility to a wide range of cardiac biomarker reagents and kits combined with growing demand for reliable, specific, and faster detection of cardiovascular diseases at an early stage are the primary factor boosting the market growth during the forecast period.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by Biomarker Type
Based on biomarker type, it is segmented into troponin I and T, CK-MB, Bnp or Nt-Probnp, Myoglobin, Hscrp, and others. Troponin I and T is anticipated to be the fastest-growing segment in the cardiac marker testing market. The large share of this segment can be attributed to high sensitivity and specificity, long elevation times, and rapid prediction of outcome or mortality.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by Disease
Based on disease, it is segmented into myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, and ischemia. The myocardial infarction segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The key factors such as the growing incidence of cardiovascular diseases coupled with the rapidly increasing geriatric population and the subsequent increase in the burden of heart diseases across the globe are boosting the growth of the market.
Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market by End User
Based on end user, it is segmented into laboratory testing, academic institutions, and point of care testing facilities. The laboratory testing segment is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The key factors such as growing funding from public and private organizations for research on cardiac biomarkers coupled with ongoing clinical trials for the identification of novel cardiac biomarkers are boosting the growth of the market.
Geographical Analysis of Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market
Region-wise, it is studied across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the rest of the World. The North America is likely to dominate the market during the forecast period. The increasing incidence of cardiovascular diseases coupled with growing public and private investments, NIH support for the development of novel cardiac biomarkers, and the rising geriatric population is boosting the market growth.
Major Players in Global Cardiac Marker Testing Market
COVID-19 Impact
The cardiac marker testing market is also faced a period of short-term negative growth, which can be attributed to factors such as a greater than 50% drop in the number of patients with cardiovascular conditions and those diagnosed with myocardial infarction. All areas of cardiology service provision sustained significant reductions, which comprises outpatient clinics, investigations, procedures, and cardiology community services like cardiac rehabilitation.
Recent Developments
- May 2020, Roche acquired Stratos genomics to further develop DNA.
- April 2019, Roche diagnostics launched the VITROS high-sensitivity Troponin I assay.
- May 2019, Abbott launched the next generation smartphone connectable confirm RX, which FDA and CE Mark accept for implantable continuous cardiac monitoring. It is for quick and early diagnosis of remote monitoring heart problems.
Please Note: This report will be delivered by publisher within 3-4 business days of order confirmation.
Table of Contents
159 Pages
- Chapter 1. Market introduction
- 1.1. Objectives of the study
- 1.2. Market definition and research & scope
- 1.3. Research methodologies
- 1.4. Market estimation techniques
- Chapter 2. Executive summary
- 2.1. Summary
- 2.2. Key highlights of the market
- Chapter 3. Cardiac marker testing market outlook
- 3.1. Cardiac marker testing market segmentation
- 3.2. Market dynamics
- 3.2.1. Market drivers
- 3.2.1.1. Driver 1
- 3.2.1.2. Driver 2
- 3.2.1.3. Driver 3
- 3.2.2. Market restraints
- 3.2.2.1. Restraint 1
- 3.2.2.2. Restraint 2
- 3.2.3. Market opportunities
- 3.2.3.1. Opportunity 1
- 3.2.3.2. Opportunity 2
- 3.3. Porter’s five forces analysis
- 3.3.1. Threat of new entrants
- 3.3.2. Threat of substitutes
- 3.3.3. Bargaining power of buyers
- 3.3.4. Bargaining power of supplier
- 3.3.5. Competitive rivalry
- 3.4. Pestle analysis
- 3.5. Value chain analysis
- 3.5.1. Raw material suppliers
- 3.5.2. Manufacturers
- 3.5.3. Wholesalers and/or retailers
- 3.6. Impact of the Russia and Ukraine war on the global cardiac marker testing market
- Chapter 4. The economic impact of covid-19
- 4.1. Overall impact of covid-19
- 4.2. Impact of covid on the global cardiac marker testing market
- 4.3. Economic impact analysis
- Chapter 5. Cardiac marker testing market by Product
- 5.1. Market overview
- 5.2. Reagents & Kits
- 5.2.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 5.2.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 5.3. Instruments
- 5.3.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 5.3.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- Chapter 6. Cardiac marker testing market by biomarker type
- 6.1. Market overview
- 6.2. Troponin I & T
- 6.2.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.2.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.3. CK-MB
- 6.3.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.3.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.4. Bnp or Nt-Probnp
- 6.4.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.4.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.5. Myoglobin
- 6.5.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.5.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.6. Hscrp
- 6.6.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.6.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.7. Others
- 6.7.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 6.7.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- Chapter 7. Cancer biomarkers market by disease
- 7.1. Market overview
- 7.2. Myocardial Infarction
- 7.2.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.2.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.3. Congestive Heart Failure
- 7.3.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.3.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.4. Acute Coronary Syndrome
- 7.4.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.4.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.5. Atherosclerosis
- 7.5.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.5.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.6. Others
- 7.6.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 7.6.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- Chapter 8. Cancer biomarkers market by end user
- 8.1. Market overview
- 8.2. Laboratory Testing Facilities
- 8.2.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 8.2.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 8.3. Academic Institutions
- 8.3.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 8.3.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 8.4. Point of Care Testing Facilities
- 8.4.1. Market size and forecast, 2021-2031 ($million)
- 8.4.2. Market size and forecast, by region, 2021-2031 ($million)
- Chapter 9. Cardiac marker testing market, by region
- 9.1. Overview
- 9.2. North America
- 9.2.1. Key market trends and opportunities
- 9.2.2. North America cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.3. North America cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.4. North America cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by country, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.5. The u.s.
- 9.2.5.1. The u.s. Cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.5.2. The u.s. Cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.6. Canada
- 9.2.6.1. Canada cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.6.2. Canada cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.7. Mexico
- 9.2.7.1. Mexico cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.2.7.2. Mexico cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3. Europe
- 9.3.1. Key market trends and opportunities
- 9.3.2. Europe cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.3. Europe cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.4. Europe cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by country, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.5. Germany
- 9.3.5.1. Germany cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.5.2. Germany cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.6. France
- 9.3.6.1. France cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.6.2. France cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.7. U.k.
- 9.3.7.1. U.k. Cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.7.2. U.k. Cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.8. Spain
- 9.3.8.1. Spain cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.8.2. Spain cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.9. Italy
- 9.3.9.1. Italy cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.9.2. Italy cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.10. Russia
- 9.3.10.1. Russia cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.10.2. Russia cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.11. Rest of Europe
- 9.3.11.1. Rest of Europe cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.3.11.2. Rest of Europe cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4. Asia-pacific
- 9.4.1. Key market trends and opportunities
- 9.4.2. Asia-pacific cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by country, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.3. Asia-pacific cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.4. Asia-pacific cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.5. China
- 9.4.5.1. China cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.5.2. China cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.6. India
- 9.4.6.1. India cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.6.2. India cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.7. Japan
- 9.4.7.1. Japan cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.7.2. Japan cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.8. South Korea
- 9.4.8.1. South Korea cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.8.2. South Korea cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.9. Rest of APAC
- 9.4.9.1. Rest of APAC cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.4.9.2. Rest of APAC cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5. Rest of the world
- 9.5.1. Key market trends and opportunities
- 9.5.2. Rest of the world cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.3. Rest of the world cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.4. Rest of the world cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by country, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.5. Latin America
- 9.5.5.1. Latin America cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.5.2. Latin America cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.6. Middle east
- 9.5.6.1. Middle east cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.6.2. Middle east cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.7. Africa
- 9.5.7.1. Africa cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by Product, 2021-2031, ($million)
- 9.5.7.2. Africa cardiac marker testing market size and forecast by disease, 2021-2031, ($million)
- Chapter 10. Competitive landscape
- 10.1. Market overview
- 10.2. Market share analysis/key player positioning
- 10.3. Developmental strategy benchmarking
- 10.3.1. New disease development
- 10.3.2. Product launches
- 10.3.3. Business expansions
- 10.3.4. Partnerships, joint ventures, and collaborations
- 10.3.5. Mergers and acquisitions
- Chapter 11. Company profiles
- 11.1. Roche Diagnostics Ltd. (Switzerland)
- 11.1.1. Company snapshot
- 11.1.2. Financial performance
- 11.1.3. Product offerings
- 11.1.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.1.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.2. Abbott Laboratories (US)
- 11.2.1. Company snapshot
- 11.2.2. Financial performance
- 11.2.3. Product offerings
- 11.2.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.2.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.3. Siemens Healthineers AG (Germany)
- 11.3.1. Company snapshot
- 11.3.2. Financial performance
- 11.3.3. Product offerings
- 11.3.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.3.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.4. Danaher Corporation (US)
- 11.4.1. Company snapshot
- 11.4.2. Financial performance
- 11.4.3. Product offerings
- 11.4.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.4.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.5. bioMérieux SA (France)
- 11.5.1. Company snapshot
- 11.5.2. Financial performance
- 11.5.3. Product offerings
- 11.5.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.5.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.6. LSI Medience Corporation (Japan)
- 11.6.1. Company snapshot
- 11.6.2. Financial performance
- 11.6.3. Product offerings
- 11.6.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.6.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.7. Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (US)
- 11.7.1. Company snapshot
- 11.7.2. Financial performance
- 11.7.3. Product offerings
- 11.7.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.7.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.8. Randox laboratories Ltd. (UK)
- 11.8.1. Company snapshot
- 11.8.2. Financial performance
- 11.8.3. Product offerings
- 11.8.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.8.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.9. Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd (China)
- 11.9.1. Company snapshot
- 11.9.2. Financial performance
- 11.9.3. Product offerings
- 11.9.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.9.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.10. DiaSorin S.p.A. (Italy)
- 11.10.1. Company snapshot
- 11.10.2. Financial performance
- 11.10.3. Product offerings
- 11.10.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.10.5. SWOT analysis
- 11.11. Becton, Dickinson and Company (US)
- 11.11.1. Company snapshot
- 11.11.2. Financial performance
- 11.11.3. Product offerings
- 11.11.4. Key strategic initiatives
- 11.11.5. SWOT analysis
- *the list of company is subject to change during the final compilation of the report
Pricing
Currency Rates
Questions or Comments?
Our team has the ability to search within reports to verify it suits your needs. We can also help maximize your budget by finding sections of reports you can purchase.
