Contactless Ticketing Market
Contactless Ticketing Market: Introduction
When it comes to the contactless ticketing, the two main options available are mobile NFC (Near Field Communication) and smart cards. Contactless cards are the ones customers are most aware of in contactless ticketing. In contactless ticketing, people just hold their card a few inches away from a reader, to securely authenticate or to pay for a passenger’s pass or ticket. Contactless ticketing solutions by a mobile NFC can store tickets on the mobile phone digitally, and the NFC-enabled mobile phone can be used as a contactless transport ticket. To top up, by using contactless ticketing a passenger has to just tap the mobile device on the NFC reader at the barrier or when boarding the bus or train. Many countries are already enjoying the benefits of near field communication technology by using contactless ticketing. Due to the increase in fraudulent activities and the need to provide secure services to customers, contactless ticketing providers are offering security-based solutions to fulfil this huge demand in the contactless ticketing market. The introduction of reliable and safe contactless ticketing has brought about a wide range of applications of contactless ticketing in different sectors. Contactless ticketing solutions can also be used for fare collection via mobile ticketing and tolls.
Global Contactless Ticketing Market: Drivers and Challenges
Contactless payments are fast-paced without the requirement of any password or pin to process the payment. Thus, these transactions are performed quickly without compromising on privacy or security. This is one of the major factors driving the growth of the contactless ticketing market. The increasing demand for mobile and web applications, and real-time information, are some of the major factors driving the growth of the contactless ticketing market. Faster and easier transactions by using contactless ticketing make the boarding of passengers’ smoother, and hence, is another factor anticipated to drive the growth of the contactless ticketing market during the forecast period. Moreover, the increased adoption of NFC payments is anticipated to foster the demand of the contactless ticketing market over the forecast period.
However, concerns regarding security and privacy have created lack of trust among the public, and the absence of a pin facility during the transaction in contactless ticketing further increases the concerns of customers. This is one of the key factors hampering the growth of the contactless ticketing market. Moreover, contactless ticketing cards are accepted at less locations as compared to magnetic striped cards, which is another factor restraining the growth of the contactless ticketing market.
Global Contactless Ticketing Market: Segmentation
The contactless ticketing market can be segmented on the basis of device type, vertical, and region.
The contactless ticketing market segmentation by device type,
Smart Cards
NFC Chips
Mobile Handsets
Others
The contactless ticketing market segmentation by vertical,
Transportation
Land Transport
Air Transport
Water Transport
Media and Entertainment
Others
Global Contactless Ticketing Market: Competition Landscape
Key Vendors
Examples of some of the market participants in the global contactless ticketing market identified across the value chain include CPI Card Group Inc., Infineon Technologies AG, Proxama, PLC., Texas Instruments, Inc., Wirecard AG, NXP Semiconductors N.V., Atos SE, Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, American Express Company, and Oberthur Technologies S.A.
Global Contactless Ticketing Market: Regional Outlook
The contactless ticketing market can be segmented into North America, Latin America, Europe, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania and Middle East & Africa (MEA).
Growing economies such as China and Japan are set to be emerging regions in the contactless ticketing market in the coming years, due to increasing investments from their governments and companies providing complete automation ticketing services and systems. Europe is anticipated to lead the contactless ticketing market, followed by North America, during the forecast period, due to fast adoption of new technology in these regions. South Asia is estimated to significantly contribute to the contactless ticketing market, due to the growing demand for smart ticketing and automated systems from the developing countries in this region.
The report covers exhaustive analysis on,
Market Segments
Market Dynamics
Historical Actual Market Size, 2013-2017
Market Size & Forecast, 2018 to 2028
Value Chain
Market Current Trends/Issues/Challenges
Competition & Companies Involved
Market Drivers and Restraints
Regional analysis for the global Contactless Ticketing market includes:
North America Contactless Ticketing market
U. S.
Canada
Latin America Contactless Ticketing market
Mexico
Brazil
Rest of Latin America
Europe Contactless Ticketing market
Germany
France
U. K.
Spain
Italy
Poland
Russia
Rest of Western Europe
East Asia Contactless Ticketing market
Japan
China
South Korea
South Asia Contactless Ticketing market
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Malaysia
Rest of South Asia
Oceania Contactless Ticketing market
Australia
New Zealand
Middle East and Africa Contactless Ticketing market
GCC Countries
North Africa
South Africa
Rest of MEA
The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative & quantitative assessment by industry analysts, as well as inputs from industry experts & industry participants across the value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness as per segment. The report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.
Report Highlights
Detailed overview of parent market
Changing market dynamics of the industry
In-depth market segmentation
Historical, current, and projected market size in terms of value
Recent industry trends and developments
Competitive landscape
Strategies of key players and product offerings
Potential and niche segments/regions exhibiting promising growth
A neutral perspective towards market performance
Must-have information for market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint
- 1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Market Outlook
- 1.2. Demand-side Trends
- 1.3. Supply-side Trends
- 1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis
- 1.5. Analysis and Recommendations
- 2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy
- 2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations
- 3. Market Background
- 3.1. Market Dynamics
- 3.1.1. Drivers
- 3.1.2. Restraints
- 3.1.3. Opportunity
- 3.1.4. Trends
- 3.2. Scenario Forecast
- 3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario
- 3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario
- 3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario
- 3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis
- 3.4. Product Life Cycle Analysis
- 3.5. Supply Chain Analysis
- 3.5.1. Supply Side Participants and their Roles
- 3.5.1.1. Producers
- 3.5.1.2. Mid-Level Participants (Traders/ Agents/ Brokers)
- 3.5.1.3. Wholesalers and Distributors
- 3.5.2. Value Added and Value Created at Node in the Supply Chain
- 3.5.3. List of Raw Material Suppliers
- 3.5.4. List of Existing and Potential Buyer’s
- 3.6. Investment Feasibility Matrix
- 3.7. Value Chain Analysis
- 3.7.1. Profit Margin Analysis
- 3.7.2. Wholesalers and Distributors
- 3.7.3. Retailers
- 3.8. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis
- 3.9. Regulatory Landscape
- 3.9.1. By Key Regions
- 3.9.2. By Key Countries
- 3.10. Regional Parent Market Outlook
- 3.11. Production and Consumption Statistics
- 3.12. Import and Export Statistics
- 4. Global Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast, 2022-2032
- 4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis, 2017-2021
- 4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Projections, 2022-2032
- 4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis
- 4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis
- 5. Global Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Solution
- 5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis By Solution, 2017-2021
- 5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis and Forecast By Solution, 2022-2032
- 5.3.1. Smart Card Contactless Ticketing
- 5.3.2. Contactless NFC Ticketing (Smartphone-based)
- 5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Solution, 2017-2021
- 5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Solution, 2022-2032 Deep-dive segmentation will be available in the sample on request
- 6. Global Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Component
- 6.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis By Component, 2017-2021
- 6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis and Forecast By Component, 2022-2032
- 6.3.1. Hardware
- 6.3.2. Contactless Ticketing Software
- 6.3.3. Services
- 6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Component, 2017-2021
- 6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Component, 2022-2032 Deep-dive segmentation will be available in the sample on request
- 7. Global Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Application
- 7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis By Application, 2017-2021
- 7.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis and Forecast By Application, 2022-2032
- 7.3.1. Transportation
- 7.3.2. Media & Entertainment
- 7.3.3. Sports & Games Events
- 7.3.4. Others
- 7.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Application, 2017-2021
- 7.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Application, 2022-2032 Deep-dive segmentation will be available in the sample on request
- 8. Global Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Region
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis By Region, 2017-2021
- 8.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2022-2032
- 8.3.1. North America
- 8.3.2. Latin America
- 8.3.3. Europe
- 8.3.4. East Asia
- 8.3.5. South Asia & Pacific
- 8.3.6. MEA
- 8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region
- 9. North America Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 9.2.1. By Country
- 9.2.1.1. U.S.
- 9.2.1.2. Canada
- 9.2.2. By Solution
- 9.2.3. By Component
- 9.2.4. By Application
- 9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Solution
- 9.3.3. By Component
- 9.3.4. By Application
- 9.4. Key Takeaways
- 10. Latin America Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 10.2.1. By Country
- 10.2.1.1. Mexico
- 10.2.1.2. Brazil
- 10.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America
- 10.2.2. By Solution
- 10.2.3. By Component
- 10.2.4. By Application
- 10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Solution
- 10.3.3. By Component
- 10.3.4. By Application
- 10.4. Key Takeaways
- 11. Europe Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 11.2.1. By Country
- 11.2.1.1. Germany
- 11.2.1.2. Italy
- 11.2.1.3. France
- 11.2.1.4. U.K.
- 11.2.1.5. Spain
- 11.2.1.6. BENELUX
- 11.2.1.7. Russia
- 11.2.1.8. Rest of Europe
- 11.2.2. By Solution
- 11.2.3. By Component
- 11.2.4. By Application
- 11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 11.3.1. By Country
- 11.3.2. By Solution
- 11.3.3. By Component
- 11.3.4. By Application
- 11.4. Key Takeaways
- 12. East Asia Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 12.2.1. By Country
- 12.2.1.1. China
- 12.2.1.2. Japan
- 12.2.1.3. South Korea
- 12.2.2. By Solution
- 12.2.3. By Component
- 12.2.4. By Application
- 12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 12.3.1. By Country
- 12.3.2. By Solution
- 12.3.3. By Component
- 12.3.4. By Application
- 12.4. Key Takeaways
- 13. South Asia & Pacific Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 13.2.1. By Country
- 13.2.1.1. India
- 13.2.1.2. ASEAN
- 13.2.1.3. Australia and New Zealand
- 13.2.1.4. Rest of South Asia & Pacific
- 13.2.2. By Solution
- 13.2.3. By Component
- 13.2.4. By Application
- 13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 13.3.1. By Country
- 13.3.2. By Solution
- 13.3.3. By Component
- 13.3.4. By Application
- 13.4. Key Takeaways
- 14. MEA Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis 2017-2021 and Forecast 2022-2032, By Country
- 14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2017-2021
- 14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Mn) & Volume ('000 Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2022-2032
- 14.2.1. By Country
- 14.2.1.1. GCC Countries
- 14.2.1.2. Turkey
- 14.2.1.3. South Africa
- 14.2.1.4. Rest of MEA
- 14.2.2. By Solution
- 14.2.3. By Component
- 14.2.4. By Application
- 14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 14.3.1. By Country
- 14.3.2. By Solution
- 14.3.3. By Component
- 14.3.4. By Application
- 14.4. Key Takeaways
- 15. Key Countries Contactless Ticketing Market Analysis
- 15.1. U.S.
- 15.1.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.1.2.1. By Solution
- 15.1.2.2. By Component
- 15.1.2.3. By Application
- 15.2. Canada
- 15.2.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.2.2.1. By Solution
- 15.2.2.2. By Component
- 15.2.2.3. By Application
- 15.3. Mexico
- 15.3.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.3.2.1. By Solution
- 15.3.2.2. By Component
- 15.3.2.3. By Application
- 15.4. Brazil
- 15.4.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.4.2.1. By Solution
- 15.4.2.2. By Component
- 15.4.2.3. By Application
- 15.5. Germany
- 15.5.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.5.2.1. By Solution
- 15.5.2.2. By Component
- 15.5.2.3. By Application
- 15.6. Italy
- 15.6.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.6.2.1. By Solution
- 15.6.2.2. By Component
- 15.6.2.3. By Application
- 15.7. France
- 15.7.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.7.2.1. By Solution
- 15.7.2.2. By Component
- 15.7.2.3. By Application
- 15.8. U.K.
- 15.8.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.8.2.1. By Solution
- 15.8.2.2. By Component
- 15.8.2.3. By Application
- 15.9. Spain
- 15.9.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.9.2.1. By Solution
- 15.9.2.2. By Component
- 15.9.2.3. By Application
- 15.10. BENELUX
- 15.10.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.10.2.1. By Solution
- 15.10.2.2. By Component
- 15.10.2.3. By Application
- 15.11. Russia
- 15.11.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.11.2.1. By Solution
- 15.11.2.2. By Component
- 15.11.2.3. By Application
- 15.12. China
- 15.12.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.12.2.1. By Solution
- 15.12.2.2. By Component
- 15.12.2.3. By Application
- 15.13. Japan
- 15.13.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.13.2.1. By Solution
- 15.13.2.2. By Component
- 15.13.2.3. By Application
- 15.14. South Korea
- 15.14.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.14.2.1. By Solution
- 15.14.2.2. By Component
- 15.14.2.3. By Application
- 15.15. India
- 15.15.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.15.2.1. By Solution
- 15.15.2.2. By Component
- 15.15.2.3. By Application
- 15.16. ASEAN
- 15.16.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.16.2.1. By Solution
- 15.16.2.2. By Component
- 15.16.2.3. By Application
- 15.17. Australia and New Zealand
- 15.17.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.17.2.1. By Solution
- 15.17.2.2. By Component
- 15.17.2.3. By Application
- 15.18. GCC Countries
- 15.18.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.18.2.1. By Solution
- 15.18.2.2. By Component
- 15.18.2.3. By Application
- 15.19. Turkey
- 15.19.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.19.2.1. By Solution
- 15.19.2.2. By Component
- 15.19.2.3. By Application
- 15.20. South Africa
- 15.20.1. Pricing Analysis
- 15.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
- 15.20.2.1. By Solution
- 15.20.2.2. By Component
- 15.20.2.3. By Application
- 16. Market Structure Analysis
- 16.1. Competition Dashboard
- 16.2. Competition Benchmarking
- 16.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players
- 16.3.1. By Regional
- 16.3.2. By Solution
- 16.3.3. By Component
- 16.3.4. By Application
- 17. Competition Analysis
- 17.1. Competition Deep Dive
- 17.1.1. G+D (Giesecke & Devrient)
- 17.1.1.1. Overview
- 17.1.1.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.1.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.1.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.1.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.1.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.2. Paragon Group Limited
- 17.1.2.1. Overview
- 17.1.2.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.2.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.2.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.2.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.2.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.3. Confidex Ltd.
- 17.1.3.1. Overview
- 17.1.3.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.3.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.3.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.3.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.3.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.4. Wirecard AG
- 17.1.4.1. Overview
- 17.1.4.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.4.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.4.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.4.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.4.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.5. Oberthur Technologies
- 17.1.5.1. Overview
- 17.1.5.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.5.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.5.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.5.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.5.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.6. Thales Group
- 17.1.6.1. Overview
- 17.1.6.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.6.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.6.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.6.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.6.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.7. CPI Card Group
- 17.1.7.1. Overview
- 17.1.7.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.7.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.7.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.7.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.7.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.8. HID Global
- 17.1.8.1. Overview
- 17.1.8.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.8.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.8.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.8.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.8.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.9. Saffire
- 17.1.9.1. Overview
- 17.1.9.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.9.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.9.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.9.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.9.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.10. Kiosk Innova
- 17.1.10.1. Overview
- 17.1.10.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.10.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.10.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.10.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.10.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.11. On Track Innovations Ltd. (OTI)
- 17.1.11.1. Overview
- 17.1.11.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.11.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.11.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.11.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.11.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 17.1.12. ViVOtech, Inc.
- 17.1.12.1. Overview
- 17.1.12.2. Product Portfolio
- 17.1.12.3. Profitability by Market Segments
- 17.1.12.4. Sales Footprint
- 17.1.12.5. Strategy Overview
- 17.1.12.5.1. Marketing Strategy
- 17.1.12.5.2. Product Strategy
- 17.1.12.5.3. Channel Strategy
- 18. Assumptions & Acronyms Used
- 19. Research Methodology
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