Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)


The global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market is poised for remarkable growth, with a projected value of $26.52 billion by 2031, according to a comprehensive market analysis. This surge in market value is primarily attributed to the increasing incidence of retinal diseases, the development of novel drugs, and the rising demand for Intravitreal (IVT) injectables due to their effectiveness and safety profile.

Intravitreal Injection: A Game-Changer in Retinal Disease Management

Retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, endophthalmitis, and retinal vein occlusion, have been significant causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Intravitreal injection has emerged as a secure and effective therapeutic option for these conditions, offering hope to countless individuals suffering from retinal problems.

Key Market Drivers
• Increasing Incidence of Retinal Diseases: The prevalence of vitreo-retinal diseases has made Intravitreal (IVT) injectables an essential part of retinal disease therapy. Patients with chronic retinal conditions often require recurring intravitreal injections, fueling substantial market growth.
• Development of Novel Drugs: Pharmaceutical companies are actively researching and developing novel medications to address unmet needs in the treatment of intraocular disorders. These innovations are expected to be delivered via Intravitreal (IVT) injectables, further driving market expansion.
• Increased Demand for Intravitreal (IVT) Injectables: Recognized for their superior efficacy and safety compared to alternative treatments, Intravitreal (IVT) injectables are gaining popularity among healthcare professionals. They are versatile, offering treatment for a wide range of retinal disorders, including anticancer, antivascular endothelial growth factor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, surgical gases, and other medicinal substances.
• Increasing Adoption of Anti-VEGF Therapies: Chronic retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion are often treated with anti-VEGF therapies. The rising prevalence of these conditions has led to a surge in the adoption of anti-VEGF therapies, contributing significantly to the demand for Intravitreal (IVT) injectables.

Challenges Ahead

However, the market faces challenges associated with Intravitreal (IVT) injectables, including the risks and complications linked to repeated injections, such as eye infection, inflammation, retinal detachment, and vitreous hemorrhage.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic temporarily affected the Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market, causing a reduction in clinic visits and injectable treatments due to lockdowns and healthcare system pressures. Nonetheless, as restrictions eased in September 2021, demand for Intravitreal (IVT) injectables rebounded.

Competitive Analysis

The Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market is highly competitive, featuring global industry giants. Prominent players are expanding their product portfolios through organic and inorganic methods, including product launches, collaborations, and agreements.

Key Companies Profiled
• Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Bausch & Lomb
• Novartis AG
• Allergan
• Alimera Sciences
• ThromboGenics, Inc.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• Other industry leaders

Key Segments of Intravitreal Injectable Industry Research:

By Indication
• Macular Degeneration
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Retinal Vein Occlusion
• Endophthalmitis
• Others

By Drug Class
• Anti-VEGF
• Corticosteroids
• Antibiotics
• Antivirals
• Antifungals

By Region
• North America
• Latin America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Middle East & Africa (MEA)

Please note: The PDF e-mail from publisher version of this report is for a global site license. Delivery Timelines - 5 working days.


1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
3.1. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
3.1.1. Key Highlights
3.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
3.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
3.1.1.3. Antibiotics
3.1.1.4. Antivirals
3.1.1.5. Antifungals
3.2. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
3.2.1. Key Highlights
3.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
3.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
3.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
3.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
3.2.1.5. Others
3.3. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
3.3.1. Key Highlights
3.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
3.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
3.3.1.3. Drug Stores
3.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
3.3.1.5. Others
3.4. Global Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
3.4.1. Key Highlights
3.4.1.1. North America
3.4.1.2. Europe
3.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.4.1.4. Latin America
3.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4. North America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
4.1. North America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
4.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
4.1.1.3. Antibiotics
4.1.1.4. Antivirals
4.1.1.5. Antifungals
4.2. North America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
4.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
4.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
4.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
4.2.1.5. Others
4.3. North America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
4.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
4.3.1.3. Drug Stores
4.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
4.3.1.5. Others
4.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.4. North America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. U.S. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1.2. U.S. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1.3. U.S. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1.4. Canada Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1.5. Canada Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.1.6. Canada Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
5.1. Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
5.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
5.1.1.3. Antibiotics
5.1.1.4. Antivirals
5.1.1.5. Antifungals
5.2. Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
5.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
5.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
5.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
5.2.1.5. Others
5.3. Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
5.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
5.3.1.3. Drug Stores
5.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
5.3.1.5. Others
5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.4. Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Germany Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.2. Germany Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.3. Germany Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.4. U.K. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.5. U.K. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.6. U.K. Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.7. France Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.8. France Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.9. France Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.10. Italy Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.11. Italy Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.12. Italy Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.13. Turkey Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.14. Turkey Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.15. Turkey Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.16. Russia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.17. Russia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.18. Russia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
6.1. Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
6.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
6.1.1.3. Antibiotics
6.1.1.4. Antivirals
6.1.1.5. Antifungals
6.2. Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
6.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
6.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
6.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
6.2.1.5. Others
6.3. Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
6.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
6.3.1.3. Drug Stores
6.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
6.3.1.5. Others
6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.4. Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. China Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.2. China Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.3. China Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.4. Japan Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.5. Japan Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.6. Japan Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.7. South Korea Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.8. South Korea Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.9. South Korea Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.10. India Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.11. India Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.12. India Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
7.1. Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
7.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
7.1.1.3. Antibiotics
7.1.1.4. Antivirals
7.1.1.5. Antifungals
7.2. Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.2.1. Key Highlights
7.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
7.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
7.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
7.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
7.2.1.5. Others
7.3. Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
7.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
7.3.1.3. Drug Stores
7.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
7.3.1.5. Others
7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.4. Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Brazil Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.2. Brazil Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.3. Brazil Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.4. Mexico Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.5. Mexico Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.6. Mexico Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.7. Argentina Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.8. Argentina Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.9. Argentina Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, 2018 – 2031
8.1. Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Anti-VEGF
8.1.1.2. Corticosteroids
8.1.1.3. Antibiotics
8.1.1.4. Antivirals
8.1.1.5. Antifungals
8.2. Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Macular Degeneration
8.2.1.2. Diabetic Retinopathy
8.2.1.3. Retinal Vein Occlusion
8.2.1.4. Endophthalmitis
8.2.1.5. Others
8.3. Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Hospital Pharmacies
8.3.1.2. Retail Pharmacies
8.3.1.3. Drug Stores
8.3.1.4. Mail Order Pharmacies
8.3.1.5. Others
8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.4. Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. GCC Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.2. GCC Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.3. GCC Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.4. South Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.5. South Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.6. South Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.7. Egypt Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.8. Egypt Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.9. Egypt Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.10. Nigeria Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.11. Nigeria Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.12. Nigeria Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Drug Class, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Indication, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Intravitreal (IVT) Injectable Market by Distributional Channel, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 – 2031
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Competitive Landscape
9.1. Drug Class vs Indication Heatmap
9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.3. Competitive Dashboard
9.4. Company Profiles
9.4.1. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
9.4.1.1. Company Overview
9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.2. Bausch & Lomb
9.4.2.1. Company Overview
9.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.2.3. Financial Overview
9.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.3. Novartis AG
9.4.3.1. Company Overview
9.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.3.3. Financial Overview
9.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.4. Allergan
9.4.4.1. Company Overview
9.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.4.3. Financial Overview
9.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.5. Alimera Sciences
9.4.5.1. Company Overview
9.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.5.3. Financial Overview
9.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.6. ThromboGenics, Inc.
9.4.6.1. Company Overview
9.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.6.3. Financial Overview
9.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.7. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
9.4.7.1. Company Overview
9.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.7.3. Financial Overview
9.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
10. Appendix
10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

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