Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

Thick Film Ceramic Substrates refer to a type of electronic substrate used in the manufacturing of microelectronic circuits and electronic components. These substrates are typically made of ceramic materials and are designed to provide a stable and durable platform for the integration of electronic elements. The term "thick film" denotes the application of multiple layers of conductive, resistive, and dielectric materials onto the ceramic surface using printing or deposition techniques. This process allows for the creation of intricate circuit patterns and the incorporation of various electronic functions within a compact space. Thick Film Ceramic Substrates find extensive use in the production of hybrid integrated circuits, sensors, and other electronic devices, offering advantages such as high thermal conductivity, reliability, and the ability to accommodate diverse electronic components on a single substrate.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Thick Film Ceramic Substrates include Noritake, NCI, Miyoshi Electronics Corporation, Kyocera, CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc, Cicor Group, Maruwa, Nikko, APITech (CMAC), Mitsuboshi Belting, TTM Technologies, MST (Micro Systems Technologies), Micro-Precision Technologies, Stellar Industries Corp, Remtec, NEO Tech, Holy Stone, Tong Hsing, ELCERAM, ECRIM etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Thick Film Ceramic Substrates. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Thick Film Ceramic Substrates market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Thick Film Ceramic Substrates industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Include:

Noritake

NCI

Miyoshi Electronics Corporation

Kyocera

CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc

Cicor Group

Maruwa

Nikko

APITech (CMAC)

Mitsuboshi Belting

TTM Technologies

MST (Micro Systems Technologies)

Micro-Precision Technologies

Stellar Industries Corp

Remtec

NEO Tech

Holy Stone

Tong Hsing

ELCERAM

ECRIM

Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Segment Include:

Alumina Thick Film Substrates

AlN Thick Film Substrates

BeO Thick Film Substrates

Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Application Include:

Automotive & Sensors

Industrial & Medical

Power Device

LEDs

MEMS Packages

Oscillators

Fuses

Military & Defense

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Alumina Thick Film Substrates
1.2.3 AlN Thick Film Substrates
1.2.4 BeO Thick Film Substrates
1.3 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Automotive & Sensors
1.3.3 Industrial & Medical
1.3.4 Power Device
1.3.5 LEDs
1.3.6 MEMS Packages
1.3.7 Oscillators
1.3.8 Fuses
1.3.9 Military & Defense
1.4 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Capacity and Production Analysis
2.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Production Capacity (2019-2030)
2.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
2.3 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market PESTEL Analysis
3.1 Political Factors Analysis
3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
3.3 Social Factors Analysis
3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Competitive Rivalry
4.2 Threat of New Entrants
4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
5.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.3 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.3.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.4 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
6 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type and Application
6.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
6.1.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.1.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
6.2.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
7.3.1 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
7.4.1 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 North America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Country
7.5.1 US
7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
8.3.1 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
8.4.1 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2  Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
8.5 Europe Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Country
8.5.1 Germany
8.5.2 France
8.5.3 United Kingdom
8.5.4 Italy
8.5.5 Spain
8.5.6 Benelux
9 China
9.1 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
9.3.1 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
9.4.1 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 China Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10 APAC (excl. China)
10.1 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 APAC (excl. China) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Japan
10.5.2 South Korea
10.5.3 India
10.5.4 Australia
10.5.5 Indonesia
10.5.6 Vietnam
10.5.7 Malaysia
10.5.8 Thailand
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Latin America Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Mexico
11.5.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa
12.1 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
12.3 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Type
12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Type (2019-2030)
12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
12.4 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Application
12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales by Application (2019-2030)
12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Size by Country
12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers
13.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.1 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.2 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.3 Global Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.2 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
13.2.1 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Competitive Landscape Analysis
13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis
14.1 Noritake
14.1.1 Noritake Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.1.2 Noritake Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.1.3 Noritake Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.2 NCI
14.2.1 NCI Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.2.2 NCI Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.2.3 NCI Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.3 Miyoshi Electronics Corporation
14.3.1 Miyoshi Electronics Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.3.2 Miyoshi Electronics Corporation Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.3.3 Miyoshi Electronics Corporation Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.4 Kyocera
14.4.1 Kyocera Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.4.2 Kyocera Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.4.3 Kyocera Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.5 CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc
14.5.1 CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.5.2 CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.5.3 CMS Circuit Solutions, Inc Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.6 Cicor Group
14.6.1 Cicor Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.6.2 Cicor Group Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Cicor Group Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.7 Maruwa
14.7.1 Maruwa Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.7.2 Maruwa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Maruwa Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.8 Nikko
14.8.1 Nikko Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.8.2 Nikko Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.8.3 Nikko Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.9 APITech (CMAC)
14.9.1 APITech (CMAC) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.9.2 APITech (CMAC) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.9.3 APITech (CMAC) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.10 Mitsuboshi Belting
14.10.1 Mitsuboshi Belting Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.10.2 Mitsuboshi Belting Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.10.3 Mitsuboshi Belting Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.11 TTM Technologies
14.11.1 TTM Technologies Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.11.2 TTM Technologies Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.11.3 TTM Technologies Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.12 MST (Micro Systems Technologies)
14.12.1 MST (Micro Systems Technologies) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.12.2 MST (Micro Systems Technologies) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.12.3 MST (Micro Systems Technologies) Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.13 Micro-Precision Technologies
14.13.1 Micro-Precision Technologies Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.13.2 Micro-Precision Technologies Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.13.3 Micro-Precision Technologies Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.14 Stellar Industries Corp
14.14.1 Stellar Industries Corp Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.14.2 Stellar Industries Corp Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.14.3 Stellar Industries Corp Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.15 Remtec
14.15.1 Remtec Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.15.2 Remtec Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.15.3 Remtec Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.16 NEO Tech
14.16.1 NEO Tech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.16.2 NEO Tech Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.16.3 NEO Tech Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.17 Holy Stone
14.17.1 Holy Stone Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.17.2 Holy Stone Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.17.3 Holy Stone Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.18 Tong Hsing
14.18.1 Tong Hsing Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.18.2 Tong Hsing Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.18.3 Tong Hsing Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.19 ELCERAM
14.19.1 ELCERAM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.19.2 ELCERAM Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.19.3 ELCERAM Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.20 ECRIM
14.20.1 ECRIM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.20.2 ECRIM Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Product Portfolio
14.20.3 ECRIM Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
15 Industry Chain Analysis
15.1 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry Chain Analysis
15.2 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
15.3 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Typical Downstream Customers
15.4 Thick Film Ceramic Substrates Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source
17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
17.2 Research Scope
17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
17.4 Date Source
17.4.1 Primary Sources
17.4.2 Secondary Sources
17.5 Data Cross Validation
17.6 Disclaimer

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