Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) are a type of thermoplastic elastomer that combines the characteristics of vulcanized rubber with the processing advantages of thermoplastics. TPVs are typically composed of a thermoplastic matrix, such as polypropylene or polyethylene, and vulcanized rubber particles, often ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). This combination results in a material with excellent flexibility, resilience, and durability. TPVs can be processed using standard thermoplastic methods like injection molding and extrusion, allowing for efficient manufacturing of a wide range of products. They are known for their weather resistance, resistance to chemicals, and the ability to maintain their properties over a broad temperature range. TPVs find applications in automotive components, consumer goods, industrial products, and electrical insulation, where a balance of rubber-like elasticity and thermoplastic processability is desired.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) include Celanese, Teknor Apex, Mitsui Chemicals, Dawn Polymer, Elastron, Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Top Polymer, DuPont de Nemours,Inc., RTP Company, Mitsubishi Chemical, Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA), Zylog ElastoComp, Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd., NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD. etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Include:

Celanese

Teknor Apex

Mitsui Chemicals

Dawn Polymer

Elastron

Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd.

Top Polymer

DuPont de Nemours,Inc.

RTP Company

Mitsubishi Chemical

Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA)

Zylog ElastoComp

Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd.

NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD.

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Segment Include:

EPDM/PP Blends

NBR/PP Blends

Nylon Based Blends

Others

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Application Include:

Automotive Components

Building & Construction

Household Appliances

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 EPDM/PP Blends
1.2.3 NBR/PP Blends
1.2.4 Nylon Based Blends
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Automotive Components
1.3.3 Building & Construction
1.3.4 Household Appliances
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Capacity and Production Analysis
2.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Production Capacity (2019-2030)
2.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
2.3 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market PESTEL Analysis
3.1 Political Factors Analysis
3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
3.3 Social Factors Analysis
3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Competitive Rivalry
4.2 Threat of New Entrants
4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
5.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.3 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.4 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
6 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type and Application
6.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
6.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
6.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
7.3.1 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
7.4.1 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 North America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Country
7.5.1 US
7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
8.3.1 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
8.4.1 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2  Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
8.5 Europe Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Country
8.5.1 Germany
8.5.2 France
8.5.3 United Kingdom
8.5.4 Italy
8.5.5 Spain
8.5.6 Benelux
9 China
9.1 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
9.3.1 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
9.4.1 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 China Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10 APAC (excl. China)
10.1 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 APAC (excl. China) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Japan
10.5.2 South Korea
10.5.3 India
10.5.4 Australia
10.5.5 Indonesia
10.5.6 Vietnam
10.5.7 Malaysia
10.5.8 Thailand
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Latin America Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Mexico
11.5.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa
12.1 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
12.3 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Type
12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Type (2019-2030)
12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
12.4 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Application
12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales by Application (2019-2030)
12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Size by Country
12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers
13.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.3 Global Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.2 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
13.2.1 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Competitive Landscape Analysis
13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis
14.1 Celanese
14.1.1 Celanese Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.1.2 Celanese Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.1.3 Celanese Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.2 Teknor Apex
14.2.1 Teknor Apex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.2.2 Teknor Apex Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.2.3 Teknor Apex Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.3 Mitsui Chemicals
14.3.1 Mitsui Chemicals Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.3.2 Mitsui Chemicals Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.3.3 Mitsui Chemicals Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.4 Dawn Polymer
14.4.1 Dawn Polymer Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.4.2 Dawn Polymer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.4.3 Dawn Polymer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.5 Elastron
14.5.1 Elastron Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.5.2 Elastron Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.5.3 Elastron Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.6 Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
14.6.1 Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.6.2 Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Kumho Petrochemical Co., Ltd. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.7 Top Polymer
14.7.1 Top Polymer Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.7.2 Top Polymer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Top Polymer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.8 DuPont de Nemours,Inc.
14.8.1 DuPont de Nemours,Inc. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.8.2 DuPont de Nemours,Inc. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.8.3 DuPont de Nemours,Inc. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.9 RTP Company
14.9.1 RTP Company Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.9.2 RTP Company Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.9.3 RTP Company Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.10 Mitsubishi Chemical
14.10.1 Mitsubishi Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.10.2 Mitsubishi Chemical Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.10.3 Mitsubishi Chemical Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.11 Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA)
14.11.1 Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.11.2 Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.11.3 Nanjing Jinling Opta Polymer Co., Ltd.(JLOPTA) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.12 Zylog ElastoComp
14.12.1 Zylog ElastoComp Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.12.2 Zylog ElastoComp Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.12.3 Zylog ElastoComp Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.13 Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd.
14.13.1 Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.13.2 Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.13.3 Zhejiang Wanma-Tech New Mateial Co.,Ltd. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.14 NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD.
14.14.1 NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.14.2 NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Product Portfolio
14.14.3 NANTEX INDUSTRY CO., LTD. Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
15 Industry Chain Analysis
15.1 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry Chain Analysis
15.2 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
15.3 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Typical Downstream Customers
15.4 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPV) Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source
17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
17.2 Research Scope
17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
17.4 Date Source
17.4.1 Primary Sources
17.4.2 Secondary Sources
17.5 Data Cross Validation
17.6 Disclaimer

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