Research Summary
A semiconductor valve, also known as a semiconductor gas valve, is a crucial component utilized in semiconductor manufacturing equipment to regulate the flow of gases essential for various fabrication processes. These valves are meticulously engineered to provide precise control over gas flow rates, pressures, and compositions within the vacuum chambers and processing tools used in semiconductor production. Semiconductor valves are designed to operate reliably in high-purity environments, with materials selected for their resistance to corrosion and contamination. Their functionality is essential for tasks such as gas delivery, pressure regulation, and gas switching, ensuring the precise control necessary for depositing thin films, etching, doping, and other critical steps in semiconductor device fabrication.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Semiconductor Valve market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Semiconductor Valve include VAT, Fujikin, Parker, CKD, MKS, Swagelok, KITZ SCT, GEMU, SMC, IHARA, Entegris, TESCOM, Festo, Rotarex, Asahi-Yukizai, Gptech, Presys, Highlight Tech Corp (HTC), Ham-Let, TK-Fujikin, Valex, FITOK, GCE Group, Kinglai Hygienic Materials, Hy-Lok etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Semiconductor Valve. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Semiconductor Valve market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Semiconductor Valve market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Semiconductor Valve industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Semiconductor Valve Include:
VAT
Fujikin
Parker
CKD
MKS
Swagelok
KITZ SCT
GEMU
SMC
IHARA
Entegris
TESCOM
Festo
Rotarex
Asahi-Yukizai
Gptech
Presys
Highlight Tech Corp (HTC)
Ham-Let
TK-Fujikin
Valex
FITOK
GCE Group
Kinglai Hygienic Materials
Hy-Lok
Semiconductor Valve Product Segment Include:
Diaphragm Valve
Bellows Valve
Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve
Door Valve
Angle Valve
Teflon Valve
Gate Valve
Check Valve
Others
Semiconductor Valve Product Application Include:
Cleaning
CVD/ALD
PVD
Photolithography
Etching
Measuring Equipment
CMP Equipment
Ion Implantation and Diffusion
Drying
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Semiconductor Valve Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Semiconductor Valve Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Semiconductor Valve Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 6: North America Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 7: Europe Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: China Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: Latin America Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Global Semiconductor Valve Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources
- 1 Semiconductor Valve Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Semiconductor Valve Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Diaphragm Valve
- 1.2.2 Bellows Valve
- 1.2.3 Ball Valve
- 1.2.4 Butterfly Valve
- 1.2.5 Door Valve
- 1.2.6 Angle Valve
- 1.2.7 Teflon Valve
- 1.2.8 Gate Valve
- 1.2.9 Check Valve
- 1.2.10 Others
- 1.3 Semiconductor Valve Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Cleaning
- 1.3.2 CVD/ALD
- 1.3.3 PVD
- 1.3.4 Photolithography
- 1.3.5 Etching
- 1.3.6 Measuring Equipment
- 1.3.7 CMP Equipment
- 1.3.8 Ion Implantation and Diffusion
- 1.3.9 Drying
- 1.4 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Semiconductor Valve Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Semiconductor Valve Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Semiconductor Valve Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Semiconductor Valve Market PESTEL Analysis
- 2.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 2.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 3 Semiconductor Valve Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 3.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 3.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 4 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Analysis by Regions
- 4.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 4.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.2.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.2.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.3 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 4.3.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 4.3.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 4.4 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type and Application
- 5.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 5.1.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.1.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 5.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 5.2.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 5.2.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6 North America
- 6.1 North America Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 6.3 North America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 6.3.1 North America Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.3.2 North America Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.4 North America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 6.4.1 North America Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.4.2 North America Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.5 North America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 6.5.1 US
- 6.5.2 Canada
- 7 Europe
- 7.1 Europe Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 Europe Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 Europe Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 Europe Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 Europe Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 Europe Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 Europe Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 Europe Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 Germany
- 7.5.2 France
- 7.5.3 United Kingdom
- 7.5.4 Italy
- 7.5.5 Spain
- 7.5.6 Benelux
- 8 China
- 8.1 China Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 China Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 China Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 China Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 China Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 China Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 China Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9 APAC (excl. China)
- 9.1 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.5 APAC (excl. China) Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 9.5.1 Japan
- 9.5.2 South Korea
- 9.5.3 India
- 9.5.4 Australia
- 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 10 Latin America
- 10.1 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 10.6 Latin America Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 10.6.1 Mexico
- 10.6.2 Brazil
- 11 Middle East & Africa
- 11.1 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 11.3 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Semiconductor Valve Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Middle East Semiconductor Valve Market Size by Country
- 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 11.5.2 South Africa
- 12 Competition by Manufacturers
- 12.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.1 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.2 Global Semiconductor Valve Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.1.3 Global Semiconductor Valve Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 12.2 Semiconductor Valve Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 12.2.1 Semiconductor Valve Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 13 Key Companies Analysis
- 13.1 VAT
- 13.1.1 VAT Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.1.2 VAT Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.1.3 VAT Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Fujikin
- 13.2.1 Fujikin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.2.2 Fujikin Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.2.3 Fujikin Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.3 Parker
- 13.3.1 Parker Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.3.2 Parker Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.3.3 Parker Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.4 CKD
- 13.4.1 CKD Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.4.2 CKD Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.4.3 CKD Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.5 MKS
- 13.5.1 MKS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.5.2 MKS Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.5.3 MKS Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.6 Swagelok
- 13.6.1 Swagelok Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.6.2 Swagelok Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.6.3 Swagelok Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.7 KITZ SCT
- 13.7.1 KITZ SCT Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.7.2 KITZ SCT Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.7.3 KITZ SCT Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.8 GEMU
- 13.8.1 GEMU Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.8.2 GEMU Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.8.3 GEMU Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.9 SMC
- 13.9.1 SMC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.9.2 SMC Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.9.3 SMC Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.10 IHARA
- 13.10.1 IHARA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.10.2 IHARA Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.10.3 IHARA Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.11 Entegris
- 13.11.1 Entegris Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.11.2 Entegris Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.11.3 Entegris Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.12 TESCOM
- 13.12.1 TESCOM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.12.2 TESCOM Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.12.3 TESCOM Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.13 Festo
- 13.13.1 Festo Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.13.2 Festo Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.13.3 Festo Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.14 Rotarex
- 13.14.1 Rotarex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.14.2 Rotarex Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.14.3 Rotarex Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.15 Asahi-Yukizai
- 13.15.1 Asahi-Yukizai Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.15.2 Asahi-Yukizai Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.15.3 Asahi-Yukizai Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.16 Gptech
- 13.16.1 Gptech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.16.2 Gptech Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.16.3 Gptech Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.17 Presys
- 13.17.1 Presys Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.17.2 Presys Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.17.3 Presys Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.18 Highlight Tech Corp (HTC)
- 13.18.1 Highlight Tech Corp (HTC) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.18.2 Highlight Tech Corp (HTC) Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.18.3 Highlight Tech Corp (HTC) Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.19 Ham-Let
- 13.19.1 Ham-Let Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.19.2 Ham-Let Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.19.3 Ham-Let Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.20 TK-Fujikin
- 13.20.1 TK-Fujikin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.20.2 TK-Fujikin Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.20.3 TK-Fujikin Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.21 Valex
- 13.21.1 Valex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.21.2 Valex Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.21.3 Valex Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.22 FITOK
- 13.22.1 FITOK Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.22.2 FITOK Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.22.3 FITOK Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.23 GCE Group
- 13.23.1 GCE Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.23.2 GCE Group Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.23.3 GCE Group Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.24 Kinglai Hygienic Materials
- 13.24.1 Kinglai Hygienic Materials Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.24.2 Kinglai Hygienic Materials Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.24.3 Kinglai Hygienic Materials Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 13.25 Hy-Lok
- 13.25.1 Hy-Lok Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 13.25.2 Hy-Lok Semiconductor Valve Product Portfolio
- 13.25.3 Hy-Lok Semiconductor Valve Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14 Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.1 Semiconductor Valve Industry Chain Analysis
- 14.2 Semiconductor Valve Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 14.2.1 Semiconductor Valve Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 14.3 Semiconductor Valve Typical Downstream Customers
- 14.4 Semiconductor Valve Sales Channel Analysis
- 15 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 16 Methodology and Data Source
- 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 16.2 Research Scope
- 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 16.4 Date Source
- 16.4.1 Primary Sources
- 16.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 16.5 Data Cross Validation
- 16.6 Disclaimer
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