Global Precast Concrete Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025

Best Price Guarantee	Length	Publisher	Published Date	SKU
from $3,500	170 Pages	DIResearch	January, 2025	DIR19528787

Best Price Guarantee
Price	from $3,500
Length	170 Pages
Publisher	DIResearch
Published Date	January, 2025
SKU	DIR19528787

Global Precast Concrete Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025

Research Summary

Precast concrete is a construction material manufactured in a controlled environment off-site and then transported to the construction site for installation. This process involves pouring concrete into molds or forms, allowing it to cure, and then removing the finished product from the mold. Precast concrete elements include walls, beams, columns, slabs, stairs, and architectural panels, among others. These elements are typically produced in specialized precast concrete plants using standardized procedures to ensure quality and consistency. Precast concrete offers several advantages over cast-in-place concrete, including faster construction times, improved quality control, reduced labor costs, and enhanced durability. It is widely used in various construction projects, including residential, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure applications.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Precast Concrete market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.

The major global manufacturers of Precast Concrete include Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A., Bouygues Construction, Cemex, Balfour Beatty PLC, Laing O’Rourke, Larsen & Toubro Limited, Taisei Corporation, Skanska Ab, CRH PLC, Julius Berger Nigeria PLC, Red Sea Housing Services, Atco Group, Vinci, Kiewit Corporation, Oldcastle Precast, Komatsu Ltd, Modular Space Corporation, KEF Infrastructure India, Preca Solutions India, Nanaimo Precast, Coreslab Structures, Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd, Metromont Corporation, Styl-Comp Group, Smeet Precast etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Precast Concrete. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Precast Concrete market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Precast Concrete market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Precast Concrete industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Precast Concrete Include:

Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A.

Bouygues Construction

Cemex

Balfour Beatty PLC

Laing O’Rourke

Larsen & Toubro Limited

Taisei Corporation

Skanska Ab

CRH PLC

Julius Berger Nigeria PLC

Red Sea Housing Services

Atco Group

Vinci

Kiewit Corporation

Oldcastle Precast

Komatsu Ltd

Modular Space Corporation

KEF Infrastructure India

Preca Solutions India

Nanaimo Precast

Coreslab Structures

Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd

Metromont Corporation

Styl-Comp Group

Smeet Precast

Precast Concrete Product Segment Include:

Floors & Roofs

Walls & Barriers

Columns & Beams

Utility Vaults

Girders

Pipes

Paving slabs

Precast Concrete Product Application Include:

Non-residential

Residential

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Precast Concrete Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Precast Concrete Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Precast Concrete Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Precast Concrete Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global Precast Concrete Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global Precast Concrete Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources

1 Precast Concrete Market Overview: 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope; 1.2 Precast Concrete Product by Type; 1.2.1 Floors & Roofs; 1.2.2 Walls & Barriers; 1.2.3 Columns & Beams; 1.2.4 Utility Vaults; 1.2.5 Girders; 1.2.6 Pipes; 1.2.7 Paving slabs; 1.3 Precast Concrete Product by Application; 1.3.1 Non-residential; 1.3.2 Residential; 1.4 Global Precast Concrete Market Revenue and Sales Analysis; 1.4.1 Global Precast Concrete Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032); 1.4.2 Global Precast Concrete Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032); 1.4.3 Global Precast Concrete Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032); 1.5 Precast Concrete Industry Trends and Innovation; 1.5.1 Precast Concrete Industry Trends and Innovation; 1.5.2 Precast Concrete Market Drivers and Challenges
2 Global Precast Concrete Capacity and Production Analysis: 2.1 Global Precast Concrete Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032); 2.2 Global Precast Concrete Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030; 2.3 Global Precast Concrete Production by Region; 2.3.1 Global Precast Concrete Production by Region (2020-2025); 2.3.2 Global Precast Concrete Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032); 2.3.3 Global Precast Concrete Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
3 Precast Concrete Market PESTEL Analysis: 3.1 Political Factors Analysis; 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis; 3.3 Social Factors Analysis; 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis; 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis; 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 Precast Concrete Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis: 4.1 Competitive Rivalry; 4.2 Threat of New Entrants; 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers; 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers; 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global Precast Concrete Market Analysis by Regions: 5.1 Precast Concrete Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032; 5.2 Global Precast Concrete Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032); 5.2.1 Global Precast Concrete Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025); 5.2.2 Global Precast Concrete Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032); 5.3 Global Precast Concrete Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032); 5.3.1 Global Precast Concrete Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025); 5.3.2 Global Precast Concrete Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032); 5.4 Global Precast Concrete Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
6 Global Precast Concrete Market Size by Type and Application: 6.1 Global Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 6.1.1 Global Precast Concrete Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032); 6.1.2 Global Precast Concrete Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032); 6.2 Global Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 6.2.1 Global Precast Concrete Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032); 6.2.2 Global Precast Concrete Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
7 North America: 7.1 North America Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis; 7.3 North America Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 7.3.1 North America Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 7.3.2 North America Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 7.4 North America Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 7.4.1 North America Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 7.4.2 North America Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 7.5 North America Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 7.5.1 US; 7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe: 8.1 Europe Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis; 8.3 Europe Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 8.3.1 Europe Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 8.3.2 Europe Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 8.4 Europe Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 8.4.1 Europe Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 8.4.2 Europe Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 8.5 Europe Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 8.5.1 Germany; 8.5.2 France; 8.5.3 United Kingdom; 8.5.4 Italy; 8.5.5 Spain; 8.5.6 Benelux
9 China: 9.1 China Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis; 9.3 China Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 9.3.1 China Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 9.3.2 China Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 9.4 China Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 9.4.1 China Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 9.4.2 China Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
10 APAC (excl. China): 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis; 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 10.5.1 Japan; 10.5.2 South Korea; 10.5.3 India; 10.5.4 Australia; 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
11 Latin America: 11.1 Latin America Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis; 1`.3 Latin America Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 11.3.1 Latin America Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 11.3.2 Latin America Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 11.4 Latin America Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 11.4.1 Latin America Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 11.4.2 Latin America Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 11.5 Latin America Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 11.6 Latin America Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 11.6.1 Mexico; 11.6.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa: 12.1 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis; 12.3 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Market Size by Type; 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Sales by Type (2020-2032); 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 12.4 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Market Size by Application; 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Sales by Application (2020-2032); 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Precast Concrete Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 12.5 Middle East Precast Concrete Market Size by Country; 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia; 12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers: 13.1 Global Precast Concrete Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 13.1.1 Global Precast Concrete Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 13.1.2 Global Precast Concrete Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 13.1.3 Global Precast Concrete Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025); 13.2 Precast Concrete Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic; 13.2.1 Precast Concrete Competitive Landscape Analysis; 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales; 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis: 14.1 Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A.; 14.1.1 Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A. Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.1.2 Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A. Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.1.3 Actividades De Construccion Y Servicios, S.A. Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.2 Bouygues Construction; 14.2.1 Bouygues Construction Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.2.2 Bouygues Construction Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.2.3 Bouygues Construction Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.3 Cemex; 14.3.1 Cemex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.3.2 Cemex Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.3.3 Cemex Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.4 Balfour Beatty PLC; 14.4.1 Balfour Beatty PLC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.4.2 Balfour Beatty PLC Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.4.3 Balfour Beatty PLC Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.5 Laing O’Rourke; 14.5.1 Laing O’Rourke Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.5.2 Laing O’Rourke Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.5.3 Laing O’Rourke Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.6 Larsen & Toubro Limited; 14.6.1 Larsen & Toubro Limited Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.6.2 Larsen & Toubro Limited Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.6.3 Larsen & Toubro Limited Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.7 Taisei Corporation; 14.7.1 Taisei Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.7.2 Taisei Corporation Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.7.3 Taisei Corporation Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.8 Skanska Ab; 14.8.1 Skanska Ab Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.8.2 Skanska Ab Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.8.3 Skanska Ab Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.9 CRH PLC; 14.9.1 CRH PLC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.9.2 CRH PLC Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.9.3 CRH PLC Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.10 Julius Berger Nigeria PLC; 14.10.1 Julius Berger Nigeria PLC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.10.2 Julius Berger Nigeria PLC Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.10.3 Julius Berger Nigeria PLC Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.11 Red Sea Housing Services; 14.11.1 Red Sea Housing Services Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.11.2 Red Sea Housing Services Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.11.3 Red Sea Housing Services Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.12 Atco Group; 14.12.1 Atco Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.12.2 Atco Group Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.12.3 Atco Group Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.13 Vinci; 14.13.1 Vinci Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.13.2 Vinci Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.13.3 Vinci Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.14 Kiewit Corporation; 14.14.1 Kiewit Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.14.2 Kiewit Corporation Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.14.3 Kiewit Corporation Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.15 Oldcastle Precast; 14.15.1 Oldcastle Precast Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.15.2 Oldcastle Precast Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.15.3 Oldcastle Precast Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.16 Komatsu Ltd; 14.16.1 Komatsu Ltd Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.16.2 Komatsu Ltd Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.16.3 Komatsu Ltd Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.17 Modular Space Corporation; 14.17.1 Modular Space Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.17.2 Modular Space Corporation Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.17.3 Modular Space Corporation Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.18 KEF Infrastructure India; 14.18.1 KEF Infrastructure India Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.18.2 KEF Infrastructure India Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.18.3 KEF Infrastructure India Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.19 Preca Solutions India; 14.19.1 Preca Solutions India Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.19.2 Preca Solutions India Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.19.3 Preca Solutions India Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.20 Nanaimo Precast; 14.20.1 Nanaimo Precast Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.20.2 Nanaimo Precast Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.20.3 Nanaimo Precast Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.21 Coreslab Structures; 14.21.1 Coreslab Structures Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.21.2 Coreslab Structures Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.21.3 Coreslab Structures Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.22 Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd; 14.22.1 Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.22.2 Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.22.3 Coltman Precast Concrete Ltd Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.23 Metromont Corporation; 14.23.1 Metromont Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.23.2 Metromont Corporation Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.23.3 Metromont Corporation Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.24 Styl-Comp Group; 14.24.1 Styl-Comp Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.24.2 Styl-Comp Group Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.24.3 Styl-Comp Group Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 14.25 Smeet Precast; 14.25.1 Smeet Precast Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 14.25.2 Smeet Precast Precast Concrete Product Portfolio; 14.25.3 Smeet Precast Precast Concrete Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
15 Industry Chain Analysis: 15.1 Precast Concrete Industry Chain Analysis; 15.2 Precast Concrete Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis; 15.2.1 Precast Concrete Key Raw Material Supply Analysis; 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information; 15.3 Precast Concrete Typical Downstream Customers; 15.4 Precast Concrete Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source: 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach; 17.2 Research Scope; 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions; 17.4 Date Source; 17.4.1 Primary Sources; 17.4.2 Secondary Sources; 17.5 Data Cross Validation; 17.6 Disclaimer