Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

Piezo ceramic technology involves the use of materials that exhibit the piezoelectric effect, a phenomenon where certain crystals or ceramics generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress and, conversely, undergo mechanical deformation when an electric field is applied. The piezo ceramic itself is a key component, typically made from materials like lead zirconate titanate (PZT). When subjected to an electric field, these ceramics undergo changes in shape, producing mechanical vibrations. Piezo ceramic technology finds applications in various fields, including sensors, actuators, and transducers. In sensors, it is utilized for precise measurements of pressure, acceleration, or temperature, while in actuators, it is employed for precise movement or positioning in devices like inkjet printers or autofocus mechanisms in cameras. Additionally, piezo ceramic transducers are commonly used in ultrasound imaging and in the production of piezo buzzers for generating sound. The versatility and reliability of piezo ceramic technology contribute to its widespread use in a range of electronic and industrial applications.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Piezo Ceramic Technology market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Piezo Ceramic Technology include MURATA, TDK, MORGAN, Konghong Corporation, TAIYO YUDEN, KYOCERA, CeramTec, Exelis, Noliac, TRS, KEPO Electronics, APC International, Smart Material, Jiakang Electronics, SensorTech, Meggitt Sensing, Sparkler Ceramics, Johnson Matthey, PI Ceramic, Datong Electronic, Audiowell, Risun Electronic, PANT, Yuhai Electronic Ceramic etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Piezo Ceramic Technology. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Piezo Ceramic Technology market. The report data covers historical data from 2019 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Piezo Ceramic Technology market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Piezo Ceramic Technology industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Piezo Ceramic Technology Include:

MURATA

TDK

MORGAN

Konghong Corporation

TAIYO YUDEN

KYOCERA

CeramTec

Exelis

Noliac

TRS

KEPO Electronics

APC International

Smart Material

Jiakang Electronics

SensorTech

Meggitt Sensing

Sparkler Ceramics

Johnson Matthey

PI Ceramic

Datong Electronic

Audiowell

Risun Electronic

PANT

Yuhai Electronic Ceramic

Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Segment Include:

Lead Zinc Titanates(PZT)

Lead Titanate (PT)

Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN)

Others

Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Application Include:

Industrial and Manufacturing

Automotive

Information and Telecommunication

Medical Devices

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 6: North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 7: Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: China Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Piezo Ceramic Technology Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Lead Zinc Titanates(PZT)
1.2.3 Lead Titanate (PT)
1.2.4 Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN)
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Piezo Ceramic Technology Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Industrial and Manufacturing
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Information and Telecommunication
1.3.5 Medical Devices
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Piezo Ceramic Technology Market PESTEL Analysis
2.1 Political Factors Analysis
2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
2.3 Social Factors Analysis
2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3.1 Competitive Rivalry
3.2 Threat of New Entrants
3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Analysis by Regions
4.1 Piezo Ceramic Technology Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.3.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.4 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
5 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type and Application
5.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
5.1.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
6.3 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
6.3.1 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
6.3.2 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
6.4 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
6.4.1 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.4.2 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
6.5 North America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Country
6.5.1 US
6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
7.3.1 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
7.4.1 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2  Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 Europe Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Germany
7.5.2 France
7.5.3 United Kingdom
7.5.4 Italy
7.5.5 Spain
7.5.6 Benelux
8 China
8.1 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
8.3.1 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
8.4.1 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2 China Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9 APAC (excl. China)
9.1 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.5 APAC (excl. China) Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Japan
9.5.2 South Korea
9.5.3 India
9.5.4 Australia
9.5.5 Indonesia
9.5.6 Vietnam
9.5.7 Malaysia
9.5.8 Thailand
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
10.3.1 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
10.4.1 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 Latin America Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Mexico
10.5.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Middle East & Africa Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers
12.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.1 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.2 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.3 Global Piezo Ceramic Technology Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.2 Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
12.2.1 Piezo Ceramic Technology Competitive Landscape Analysis
12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis
13.1 MURATA
13.1.1 MURATA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.1.2 MURATA Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.1.3 MURATA Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.2 TDK
13.2.1 TDK Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.2.2 TDK Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.2.3 TDK Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.3 MORGAN
13.3.1 MORGAN Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.3.2 MORGAN Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.3.3 MORGAN Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.4 Konghong Corporation
13.4.1 Konghong Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.4.2 Konghong Corporation Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.4.3 Konghong Corporation Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.5 TAIYO YUDEN
13.5.1 TAIYO YUDEN Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.5.2 TAIYO YUDEN Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.5.3 TAIYO YUDEN Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.6 KYOCERA
13.6.1 KYOCERA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.6.2 KYOCERA Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.6.3 KYOCERA Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.7 CeramTec
13.7.1 CeramTec Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.7.2 CeramTec Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.7.3 CeramTec Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.8 Exelis
13.8.1 Exelis Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.8.2 Exelis Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.8.3 Exelis Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.9 Noliac
13.9.1 Noliac Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.9.2 Noliac Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.9.3 Noliac Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.10 TRS
13.10.1 TRS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.10.2 TRS Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.10.3 TRS Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.11 KEPO Electronics
13.11.1 KEPO Electronics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.11.2 KEPO Electronics Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.11.3 KEPO Electronics Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.12 APC International
13.12.1 APC International Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.12.2 APC International Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.12.3 APC International Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.13 Smart Material
13.13.1 Smart Material Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.13.2 Smart Material Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.13.3 Smart Material Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.14 Jiakang Electronics
13.14.1 Jiakang Electronics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.14.2 Jiakang Electronics Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.14.3 Jiakang Electronics Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.15 SensorTech
13.15.1 SensorTech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.15.2 SensorTech Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.15.3 SensorTech Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.16 Meggitt Sensing
13.16.1 Meggitt Sensing Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.16.2 Meggitt Sensing Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.16.3 Meggitt Sensing Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.17 Sparkler Ceramics
13.17.1 Sparkler Ceramics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.17.2 Sparkler Ceramics Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.17.3 Sparkler Ceramics Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.18 Johnson Matthey
13.18.1 Johnson Matthey Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.18.2 Johnson Matthey Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.18.3 Johnson Matthey Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.19 PI Ceramic
13.19.1 PI Ceramic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.19.2 PI Ceramic Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.19.3 PI Ceramic Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.20 Datong Electronic
13.20.1 Datong Electronic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.20.2 Datong Electronic Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.20.3 Datong Electronic Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.21 Audiowell
13.21.1 Audiowell Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.21.2 Audiowell Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.21.3 Audiowell Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.22 Risun Electronic
13.22.1 Risun Electronic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.22.2 Risun Electronic Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.22.3 Risun Electronic Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.23 PANT
13.23.1 PANT Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.23.2 PANT Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.23.3 PANT Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.24 Yuhai Electronic Ceramic
13.24.1 Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.24.2 Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Piezo Ceramic Technology Product Portfolio
13.24.3 Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Piezo Ceramic Technology Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14 Industry Chain Analysis
14.1 Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry Chain Analysis
14.2 Piezo Ceramic Technology Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
14.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
14.3 Piezo Ceramic Technology Typical Downstream Customers
14.4 Piezo Ceramic Technology Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.2 Research Scope
16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
16.4 Date Source
16.4.1 Primary Sources
16.4.2 Secondary Sources
16.5 Data Cross Validation
16.6 Disclaimer

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