Global PFA Tubing Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global PFA Tubing Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) tubing is a type of high-performance plastic tubing known for its exceptional resistance to heat, chemicals, and electrical conductivity. It is a transparent, flexible, and durable tubing material that shares similarities with PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) but has additional features, such as improved clarity and a smoother surface. PFA tubing is widely used in industries where resistance to harsh chemicals, high temperatures, and excellent electrical insulation are crucial. Common applications include the transfer of corrosive chemicals, high-purity fluid handling in laboratories, semiconductor manufacturing, and other processes where maintaining material purity and performance under extreme conditions is essential. The versatility and properties of PFA tubing make it a preferred choice in demanding environments where reliability and resistance to harsh conditions are paramount.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global PFA Tubing market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of PFA Tubing include NICHIAS, Parker, Swagelok, Nippon Pillar, Yodogawa, Zeus, Altaflo, Tef-Cap Industries, Junkosha, Polyflon Technology Limited, Entegris, Fluorotherm, Habia Teknofluor, AS Strömungstechnik, PAR Group, NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions), Xtraflex, NewAge Industries, Saint-Gobain, EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic), AMETEK, Adtech Polymer Engineering, Grayline, Holscot, Bueno Technology, IDEX (IDEX Health&Science) etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of PFA Tubing. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global PFA Tubing market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the PFA Tubing market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of PFA Tubing industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of PFA Tubing Include:

NICHIAS

Parker

Swagelok

Nippon Pillar

Yodogawa

Zeus

Altaflo

Tef-Cap Industries

Junkosha

Polyflon Technology Limited

Entegris

Fluorotherm

Habia Teknofluor

AS Strömungstechnik

PAR Group

NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions)

Xtraflex

NewAge Industries

Saint-Gobain

EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic)

AMETEK

Adtech Polymer Engineering

Grayline

Holscot

Bueno Technology

IDEX (IDEX Health&Science)

PFA Tubing Product Segment Include:

PFA Standard Tubing (Straight)

PFA Standard Tubing (Corrugated)

PFA HP (High Purity) Tubing

Others

PFA Tubing Product Application Include:

Pharmaceutical Industry

Chemical Industry

Electronic and Electrical

Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment

Automotive Industry

Food Processing

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global PFA Tubing Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global PFA Tubing Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global PFA Tubing Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global PFA Tubing Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global PFA Tubing Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global PFA Tubing Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources


1 PFA Tubing Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 PFA Tubing Product by Type
1.2.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 PFA Standard Tubing (Straight)
1.2.3 PFA Standard Tubing (Corrugated)
1.2.4 PFA HP (High Purity) Tubing
1.2.5 Others
1.3 PFA Tubing Product by Application
1.3.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.3 Chemical Industry
1.3.4 Electronic and Electrical
1.3.5 Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment
1.3.6 Automotive Industry
1.3.7 Food Processing
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Global PFA Tubing Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global PFA Tubing Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global PFA Tubing Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 PFA Tubing Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 PFA Tubing Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 PFA Tubing Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Global PFA Tubing Capacity and Production Analysis
2.1 Global PFA Tubing Production Capacity (2019-2030)
2.2 Global PFA Tubing Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
2.3 Global PFA Tubing Production by Region
2.3.1 Global PFA Tubing Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global PFA Tubing Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global PFA Tubing Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3 PFA Tubing Market PESTEL Analysis
3.1 Political Factors Analysis
3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
3.3 Social Factors Analysis
3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 PFA Tubing Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Competitive Rivalry
4.2 Threat of New Entrants
4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global PFA Tubing Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 PFA Tubing Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
5.2 Global PFA Tubing Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global PFA Tubing Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global PFA Tubing Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.3 Global PFA Tubing Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.3.1 Global PFA Tubing Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global PFA Tubing Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.4 Global PFA Tubing Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
6 Global PFA Tubing Market Size by Type and Application
6.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
6.1.1 Global PFA Tubing Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.1.2 Global PFA Tubing Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 Global PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
6.2.1 Global PFA Tubing Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.2 Global PFA Tubing Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 North America PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
7.3.1 North America PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 North America PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 North America PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
7.4.1 North America PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2 North America PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 North America PFA Tubing Market Size by Country
7.5.1 US
7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 Europe PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
8.3.1 Europe PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 Europe PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 Europe PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
8.4.1 Europe PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2  Europe PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
8.5 Europe PFA Tubing Market Size by Country
8.5.1 Germany
8.5.2 France
8.5.3 United Kingdom
8.5.4 Italy
8.5.5 Spain
8.5.6 Benelux
9 China
9.1 China PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 China PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
9.3.1 China PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 China PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 China PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
9.4.1 China PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 China PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10 APAC (excl. China)
10.1 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 APAC (excl. China) PFA Tubing Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Japan
10.5.2 South Korea
10.5.3 India
10.5.4 Australia
10.5.5 Indonesia
10.5.6 Vietnam
10.5.7 Malaysia
10.5.8 Thailand
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Latin America PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Latin America PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Latin America PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Latin America PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Latin America PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Latin America PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Latin America PFA Tubing Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Mexico
11.5.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa
12.1 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
12.3 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Market Size by Type
12.3.1 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Sales by Type (2019-2030)
12.3.2 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
12.4 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Market Size by Application
12.4.1 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Sales by Application (2019-2030)
12.4.2 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
12.5 Middle East & Africa PFA Tubing Market Size by Country
12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers
13.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.1 Global PFA Tubing Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.2 Global PFA Tubing Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.3 Global PFA Tubing Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.2 PFA Tubing Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
13.2.1 PFA Tubing Competitive Landscape Analysis
13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis
14.1 NICHIAS
14.1.1 NICHIAS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.1.2 NICHIAS PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.1.3 NICHIAS PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.2 Parker
14.2.1 Parker Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.2.2 Parker PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.2.3 Parker PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.3 Swagelok
14.3.1 Swagelok Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.3.2 Swagelok PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.3.3 Swagelok PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.4 Nippon Pillar
14.4.1 Nippon Pillar Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.4.2 Nippon Pillar PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.4.3 Nippon Pillar PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.5 Yodogawa
14.5.1 Yodogawa Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.5.2 Yodogawa PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.5.3 Yodogawa PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.6 Zeus
14.6.1 Zeus Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.6.2 Zeus PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Zeus PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.7 Altaflo
14.7.1 Altaflo Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.7.2 Altaflo PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Altaflo PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.8 Tef-Cap Industries
14.8.1 Tef-Cap Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.8.2 Tef-Cap Industries PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.8.3 Tef-Cap Industries PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.9 Junkosha
14.9.1 Junkosha Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.9.2 Junkosha PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.9.3 Junkosha PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.10 Polyflon Technology Limited
14.10.1 Polyflon Technology Limited Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.10.2 Polyflon Technology Limited PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.10.3 Polyflon Technology Limited PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.11 Entegris
14.11.1 Entegris Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.11.2 Entegris PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.11.3 Entegris PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.12 Fluorotherm
14.12.1 Fluorotherm Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.12.2 Fluorotherm PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.12.3 Fluorotherm PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.13 Habia Teknofluor
14.13.1 Habia Teknofluor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.13.2 Habia Teknofluor PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.13.3 Habia Teknofluor PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.14 AS Strömungstechnik
14.14.1 AS Strömungstechnik Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.14.2 AS Strömungstechnik PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.14.3 AS Strömungstechnik PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.15 PAR Group
14.15.1 PAR Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.15.2 PAR Group PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.15.3 PAR Group PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.16 NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions)
14.16.1 NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.16.2 NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions) PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.16.3 NES IPS (Integrated Polymer Solutions) PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.17 Xtraflex
14.17.1 Xtraflex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.17.2 Xtraflex PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.17.3 Xtraflex PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.18 NewAge Industries
14.18.1 NewAge Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.18.2 NewAge Industries PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.18.3 NewAge Industries PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.19 Saint-Gobain
14.19.1 Saint-Gobain Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.19.2 Saint-Gobain PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.19.3 Saint-Gobain PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.20 EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic)
14.20.1 EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.20.2 EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic) PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.20.3 EnPro Industries (Rubber Fab of Garlock Hygienic) PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.21 AMETEK
14.21.1 AMETEK Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.21.2 AMETEK PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.21.3 AMETEK PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.22 Adtech Polymer Engineering
14.22.1 Adtech Polymer Engineering Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.22.2 Adtech Polymer Engineering PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.22.3 Adtech Polymer Engineering PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.23 Grayline
14.23.1 Grayline Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.23.2 Grayline PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.23.3 Grayline PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.24 Holscot
14.24.1 Holscot Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.24.2 Holscot PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.24.3 Holscot PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.25 Bueno Technology
14.25.1 Bueno Technology Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.25.2 Bueno Technology PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.25.3 Bueno Technology PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.26 IDEX (IDEX Health&Science)
14.26.1 IDEX (IDEX Health&Science) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.26.2 IDEX (IDEX Health&Science) PFA Tubing Product Portfolio
14.26.3 IDEX (IDEX Health&Science) PFA Tubing Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
15 Industry Chain Analysis
15.1 PFA Tubing Industry Chain Analysis
15.2 PFA Tubing Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
15.3 PFA Tubing Typical Downstream Customers
15.4 PFA Tubing Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source
17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
17.2 Research Scope
17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
17.4 Date Source
17.4.1 Primary Sources
17.4.2 Secondary Sources
17.5 Data Cross Validation
17.6 Disclaimer

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