Global Nitric Acid Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Nitric Acid Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

Nitric acid, also known as aqua fortis or spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid. It is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the chemical formula HNO3. Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that has a sharp, pungent odor. It is extensively used in various industries, including chemical manufacturing, metals refining, and explosives production. Nitric acid is highly reactive and can act as both an oxidizing agent and a strong acid. It is known for its ability to dissolve many metals, such as copper and silver, and is commonly used in the etching and cleaning of metal surfaces. In addition, nitric acid plays a crucial role in the production of fertilizers, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers. While nitric acid has numerous industrial applications, it is important to handle it with caution, as it can cause severe burns and environmental hazards.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Nitric Acid market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Nitric Acid include CF Industries Holdings, Yara, EuroChem, URALCHEM, Orica, Nutrien, Acron, SBU Azot, OCI, LSB Industries, Dyno Nobel, CVR Partners, Nutrien, Koch, Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry, Sinopec (Nanjing), Sichuan Gold Elephant, Anhui JinHe Industrial, Holitech, Henan Jinkai Chemical, Shandong Dier-chem, Liuzhou Chemical, Jiangsu Huachang Chemical, Hongda Chemical, Luguang Chemical, Hualong Ammonium Nitrate, Sichuan Chemical etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Nitric Acid. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Nitric Acid market. The report data covers historical data from 2018 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Nitric Acid market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Nitric Acid industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Nitric Acid Include:

CF Industries Holdings

Yara

EuroChem

URALCHEM

Orica

Nutrien

Acron

SBU Azot

OCI

LSB Industries

Dyno Nobel

CVR Partners

Nutrien

Koch

Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry

Sinopec (Nanjing)

Sichuan Gold Elephant

Anhui JinHe Industrial

Holitech

Henan Jinkai Chemical

Shandong Dier-chem

Liuzhou Chemical

Jiangsu Huachang Chemical

Hongda Chemical

Luguang Chemical

Hualong Ammonium Nitrate

Sichuan Chemical

Nitric Acid Product Segment Include:

Dilute Nitric Acid

Concentrated Nitric Acid

Nitric Acid Product Application Include:

Fertilizer

Explosives

Polyurethanes

Polyamides

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Nitric Acid Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Nitric Acid Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Nitric Acid Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Nitric Acid Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global Nitric Acid Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global Nitric Acid Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Nitric Acid Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Nitric Acid Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Dilute Nitric Acid
1.2.3 Concentrated Nitric Acid
1.3 Nitric Acid Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Fertilizer
1.3.3 Explosives
1.3.4 Polyurethanes
1.3.5 Polyamides
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Nitric Acid Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Nitric Acid Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Nitric Acid Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Nitric Acid Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Nitric Acid Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Nitric Acid Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Global Nitric Acid Capacity and Production Analysis
2.1 Global Nitric Acid Production Capacity (2019-2030)
2.2 Global Nitric Acid Production by Region: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
2.3 Global Nitric Acid Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Nitric Acid Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
2.3.2 Global Nitric Acid Forecasted Production by Region (2025-2030)
2.3.3 Global Nitric Acid Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3 Nitric Acid Market PESTEL Analysis
3.1 Political Factors Analysis
3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
3.3 Social Factors Analysis
3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 Nitric Acid Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Competitive Rivalry
4.2 Threat of New Entrants
4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global Nitric Acid Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 Nitric Acid Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
5.2 Global Nitric Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Nitric Acid Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Nitric Acid Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.3 Global Nitric Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
5.3.1 Global Nitric Acid Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Nitric Acid Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
5.4 Global Nitric Acid Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
6 Global Nitric Acid Market Size by Type and Application
6.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
6.1.1 Global Nitric Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.1.2 Global Nitric Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
6.2.1 Global Nitric Acid Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.2 Global Nitric Acid Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
7 North America
7.1 North America Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 North America Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
7.3.1 North America Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 North America Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 North America Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
7.4.1 North America Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2 North America Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 North America Nitric Acid Market Size by Country
7.5.1 US
7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 Europe Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
8.3.1 Europe Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 Europe Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 Europe Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
8.4.1 Europe Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2  Europe Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
8.5 Europe Nitric Acid Market Size by Country
8.5.1 Germany
8.5.2 France
8.5.3 United Kingdom
8.5.4 Italy
8.5.5 Spain
8.5.6 Benelux
9 China
9.1 China Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 China Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
9.3.1 China Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 China Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 China Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
9.4.1 China Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 China Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10 APAC (excl. China)
10.1 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 APAC (excl. China) Nitric Acid Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Japan
10.5.2 South Korea
10.5.3 India
10.5.4 Australia
10.5.5 Indonesia
10.5.6 Vietnam
10.5.7 Malaysia
10.5.8 Thailand
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Latin America Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Latin America Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Latin America Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Latin America Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Latin America Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Latin America Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Latin America Nitric Acid Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Mexico
11.5.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa
12.1 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
12.3 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Market Size by Type
12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Sales by Type (2019-2030)
12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
12.4 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Market Size by Application
12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Sales by Application (2019-2030)
12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
12.5 Middle East & Africa Nitric Acid Market Size by Country
12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers
13.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.1 Global Nitric Acid Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.2 Global Nitric Acid Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.1.3 Global Nitric Acid Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
13.2 Nitric Acid Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
13.2.1 Nitric Acid Competitive Landscape Analysis
13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis
14.1 CF Industries Holdings
14.1.1 CF Industries Holdings Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.1.2 CF Industries Holdings Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.1.3 CF Industries Holdings Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.2 Yara
14.2.1 Yara Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.2.2 Yara Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.2.3 Yara Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.3 EuroChem
14.3.1 EuroChem Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.3.2 EuroChem Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.3.3 EuroChem Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.4 URALCHEM
14.4.1 URALCHEM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.4.2 URALCHEM Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.4.3 URALCHEM Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.5 Orica
14.5.1 Orica Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.5.2 Orica Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.5.3 Orica Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.6 Nutrien
14.6.1 Nutrien Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.6.2 Nutrien Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Nutrien Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.7 Acron
14.7.1 Acron Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.7.2 Acron Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Acron Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.8 SBU Azot
14.8.1 SBU Azot Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.8.2 SBU Azot Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.8.3 SBU Azot Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.9 OCI
14.9.1 OCI Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.9.2 OCI Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.9.3 OCI Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.10 LSB Industries
14.10.1 LSB Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.10.2 LSB Industries Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.10.3 LSB Industries Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.11 Dyno Nobel
14.11.1 Dyno Nobel Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.11.2 Dyno Nobel Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.11.3 Dyno Nobel Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.12 CVR Partners
14.12.1 CVR Partners Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.12.2 CVR Partners Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.12.3 CVR Partners Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.13 Nutrien
14.13.1 Nutrien Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.13.2 Nutrien Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.13.3 Nutrien Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.14 Koch
14.14.1 Koch Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.14.2 Koch Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.14.3 Koch Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.15 Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry
14.15.1 Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.15.2 Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.15.3 Shaanxi Xinghua Chemistry Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.16 Sinopec (Nanjing)
14.16.1 Sinopec (Nanjing) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.16.2 Sinopec (Nanjing) Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.16.3 Sinopec (Nanjing) Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.17 Sichuan Gold Elephant
14.17.1 Sichuan Gold Elephant Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.17.2 Sichuan Gold Elephant Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.17.3 Sichuan Gold Elephant Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.18 Anhui JinHe Industrial
14.18.1 Anhui JinHe Industrial Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.18.2 Anhui JinHe Industrial Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.18.3 Anhui JinHe Industrial Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.19 Holitech
14.19.1 Holitech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.19.2 Holitech Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.19.3 Holitech Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.20 Henan Jinkai Chemical
14.20.1 Henan Jinkai Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.20.2 Henan Jinkai Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.20.3 Henan Jinkai Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.21 Shandong Dier-chem
14.21.1 Shandong Dier-chem Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.21.2 Shandong Dier-chem Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.21.3 Shandong Dier-chem Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.22 Liuzhou Chemical
14.22.1 Liuzhou Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.22.2 Liuzhou Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.22.3 Liuzhou Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.23 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical
14.23.1 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.23.2 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.23.3 Jiangsu Huachang Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.24 Hongda Chemical
14.24.1 Hongda Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.24.2 Hongda Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.24.3 Hongda Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.25 Luguang Chemical
14.25.1 Luguang Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.25.2 Luguang Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.25.3 Luguang Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.26 Hualong Ammonium Nitrate
14.26.1 Hualong Ammonium Nitrate Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.26.2 Hualong Ammonium Nitrate Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.26.3 Hualong Ammonium Nitrate Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14.27 Sichuan Chemical
14.27.1 Sichuan Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.27.2 Sichuan Chemical Nitric Acid Product Portfolio
14.27.3 Sichuan Chemical Nitric Acid Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
15 Industry Chain Analysis
15.1 Nitric Acid Industry Chain Analysis
15.2 Nitric Acid Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
15.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
15.3 Nitric Acid Typical Downstream Customers
15.4 Nitric Acid Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source
17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
17.2 Research Scope
17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
17.4 Date Source
17.4.1 Primary Sources
17.4.2 Secondary Sources
17.5 Data Cross Validation
17.6 Disclaimer

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