Global NDIR Sensors Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025

Best Price Guarantee	Length	Publisher	Published Date	SKU
from $3,500	170 Pages	DIResearch	January, 2025	DIR19629325

Best Price Guarantee
Price	from $3,500
Length	170 Pages
Publisher	DIResearch
Published Date	January, 2025
SKU	DIR19629325

Research Summary

NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) sensors are a type of sensor technology commonly used for measuring and detecting the concentration of gases in the environment. These sensors are based on the principle of infrared absorption spectroscopy. NDIR sensors consist of an infrared light source, an optical cavity, and an infrared detector. The light source emits infrared radiation at specific wavelengths that correspond to the absorption bands of the gas being detected. The gas of interest is introduced into the optical cavity, and if it is present, it absorbs some of the infrared radiation. The detector measures the intensity of the light that passes through the cavity, and the amount of attenuation is used to determine the concentration of the gas. NDIR sensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability. They are widely used in applications such as indoor air quality monitoring, exhaust gas analysis, combustion control, and industrial safety for detecting gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and various volatile organic compounds.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global NDIR Sensors market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.

The major global manufacturers of NDIR Sensors include Amphenol Advanced Sensors, Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices), Sensirion, Murata, MKS Instruments, Vaisala, Teledyne API, Honeywell, ELT SENSOR, E+E, Dwyer Instruments, Trane, Micro-Hybrid, Cubic Sensor and Instrument, Edinburgh Instruments, Alphasense, Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.), Super Systems, ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY, smartGAS Mikrosensorik, SST Sensing, Winsen, Suzhou Promisense, Figaro Engineering etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of NDIR Sensors. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global NDIR Sensors market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the NDIR Sensors market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of NDIR Sensors industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of NDIR Sensors Include:

Amphenol Advanced Sensors

Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices)

Sensirion

Murata

MKS Instruments

Vaisala

Teledyne API

Honeywell

ELT SENSOR

E+E

Dwyer Instruments

Trane

Micro-Hybrid

Cubic Sensor and Instrument

Edinburgh Instruments

Alphasense

Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.)

Super Systems

ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

smartGAS Mikrosensorik

SST Sensing

Winsen

Suzhou Promisense

Figaro Engineering

NDIR Sensors Product Segment Include:

NDIR CO2 Sensors

NDIR Methane (CH4) Gas Sensors

NDIR CO Sensors

NDIR Propane Gas Sensors

NDIR Refrigerant Gases Sensors

NDIR Ethylene Gases Sensors

NDIR SF6 Infrared Sensors

Others

NDIR Sensors Product Application Include:

Industrial Safety

Environmental Protection Industry

Medical Industry

Residential and Commercial Security

Power Industry

Automobile Industry

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global NDIR Sensors Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 3: Global NDIR Sensors Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Global NDIR Sensors Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 5: Global NDIR Sensors Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 6: North America NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 7: Europe NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: China NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: Latin America NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Global NDIR Sensors Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources

1 NDIR Sensors Market Overview: 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope; 1.2 NDIR Sensors Product by Type; 1.2.1 NDIR CO2 Sensors; 1.2.2 NDIR Methane (CH4) Gas Sensors; 1.2.3 NDIR CO Sensors; 1.2.4 NDIR Propane Gas Sensors; 1.2.5 NDIR Refrigerant Gases Sensors; 1.2.6 NDIR Ethylene Gases Sensors; 1.2.7 NDIR SF6 Infrared Sensors; 1.2.8 Others; 1.3 NDIR Sensors Product by Application; 1.3.1 Industrial Safety; 1.3.2 Environmental Protection Industry; 1.3.3 Medical Industry; 1.3.4 Residential and Commercial Security; 1.3.5 Power Industry; 1.3.6 Automobile Industry; 1.3.7 Others; 1.4 Global NDIR Sensors Market Revenue and Sales Analysis; 1.4.1 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032); 1.4.2 Global NDIR Sensors Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032); 1.4.3 Global NDIR Sensors Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032); 1.5 NDIR Sensors Industry Trends and Innovation; 1.5.1 NDIR Sensors Industry Trends and Innovation; 1.5.2 NDIR Sensors Market Drivers and Challenges
2 NDIR Sensors Market PESTEL Analysis: 2.1 Political Factors Analysis; 2.2 Economic Factors Analysis; 2.3 Social Factors Analysis; 2.4 Technological Factors Analysis; 2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis; 2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 NDIR Sensors Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis: 3.1 Competitive Rivalry; 3.2 Threat of New Entrants; 3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers; 3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers; 3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global NDIR Sensors Market Analysis by Regions: 4.1 Global NDIR Sensors Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032; 4.2 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032); 4.2.1 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025); 4.2.2 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032); 4.3 Global NDIR Sensors Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032); 4.3.1 Global NDIR Sensors Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025); 4.3.2 Global NDIR Sensors Sales and Market Share Forecast by Region (2026-2032); 4.4 Global NDIR Sensors Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
5 Global NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type and Application: 5.1 Global NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 5.1.1 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032); 5.1.2 Global NDIR Sensors Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032); 5.2 Global NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 5.2.1 Global NDIR Sensors Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032); 5.2.2 Global NDIR Sensors Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
6 North America: 6.1 North America NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis; 6.3 North America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 6.3.1 North America NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 6.3.2 North America NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 6.4 North America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 6.4.1 North America NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 6.4.2 North America NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 6.5 North America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 6.5.1 US; 6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe: 7.1 Europe NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis; 7.3 Europe NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 7.3.1 Europe NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 7.3.2 Europe NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 7.4 Europe NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 7.4.1 Europe NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 7.4.2 Europe NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 7.5 Europe NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 7.5.1 Germany; 7.5.2 France; 7.5.3 United Kingdom; 7.5.4 Italy; 7.5.5 Spain; 7.5.6 Benelux
8 China: 8.1 China NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis; 8.3 China NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 8.3.1 China NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 8.3.2 China NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 8.4 China NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 8.4.1 China NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 8.4.2 China NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
9 APAC (excl. China): 9.1 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis; 9.3 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 9.4 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 9.5 APAC (excl. China) NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 9.5.1 Japan; 9.5.2 South Korea; 9.5.3 India; 9.5.4 Australia; 9.5.5 Southeast Asia
10 Latin America: 10.1 Latin America NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis; 10.3 Latin America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 10.3.1 Latin America NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 10.3.2 Latin America NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 10.4 Latin America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 10.4.1 Latin America NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 10.4.2 Latin America NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 10.5 Latin America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 10.6 Latin America NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 10.6.1 Mexico; 10.6.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa: 11.1 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032); 11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis; 11.3 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Market Size by Type; 11.3.1 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Sales by Type (2020-2032); 11.3.2 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Revenue by Type (2020-2032); 11.4 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Market Size by Application; 11.4.1 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Sales by Application (2020-2032); 11.4.2 Middle East & Africa NDIR Sensors Revenue by Application (2020-2032); 11.5 Middle East NDIR Sensors Market Size by Country; 11.5.1 Saudi Arabia; 11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers: 12.1 Global NDIR Sensors Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 12.1.1 Global NDIR Sensors Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 12.1.2 Global NDIR Sensors Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025); 12.1.3 Global NDIR Sensors Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025); 12.2 NDIR Sensors Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic; 12.2.1 NDIR Sensors Competitive Landscape Analysis; 12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales; 12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis: 13.1 Amphenol Advanced Sensors; 13.1.1 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.1.2 Amphenol Advanced Sensors NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.1.3 Amphenol Advanced Sensors NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.2 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices); 13.2.1 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.2.2 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.2.3 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.3 Sensirion; 13.3.1 Sensirion Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.3.2 Sensirion NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.3.3 Sensirion NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.4 Murata; 13.4.1 Murata Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.4.2 Murata NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.4.3 Murata NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.5 MKS Instruments; 13.5.1 MKS Instruments Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.5.2 MKS Instruments NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.5.3 MKS Instruments NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.6 Vaisala; 13.6.1 Vaisala Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.6.2 Vaisala NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.6.3 Vaisala NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.7 Teledyne API; 13.7.1 Teledyne API Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.7.2 Teledyne API NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.7.3 Teledyne API NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.8 Honeywell; 13.8.1 Honeywell Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.8.2 Honeywell NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.8.3 Honeywell NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.9 ELT SENSOR; 13.9.1 ELT SENSOR Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.9.2 ELT SENSOR NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.9.3 ELT SENSOR NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.10 E+E; 13.10.1 E+E Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.10.2 E+E NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.10.3 E+E NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.11 Dwyer Instruments; 13.11.1 Dwyer Instruments Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.11.2 Dwyer Instruments NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.11.3 Dwyer Instruments NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.12 Trane; 13.12.1 Trane Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.12.2 Trane NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.12.3 Trane NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.13 Micro-Hybrid; 13.13.1 Micro-Hybrid Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.13.2 Micro-Hybrid NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.13.3 Micro-Hybrid NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.14 Cubic Sensor and Instrument; 13.14.1 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.14.2 Cubic Sensor and Instrument NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.14.3 Cubic Sensor and Instrument NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.15 Edinburgh Instruments; 13.15.1 Edinburgh Instruments Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.15.2 Edinburgh Instruments NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.15.3 Edinburgh Instruments NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.16 Alphasense; 13.16.1 Alphasense Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.16.2 Alphasense NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.16.3 Alphasense NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.17 Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.); 13.17.1 Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.) Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.17.2 Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.) NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.17.3 Nano Environmental Technology (N.E.T.) NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.18 Super Systems; 13.18.1 Super Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.18.2 Super Systems NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.18.3 Super Systems NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.19 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY; 13.19.1 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.19.2 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.19.3 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.20 smartGAS Mikrosensorik; 13.20.1 smartGAS Mikrosensorik Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.20.2 smartGAS Mikrosensorik NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.20.3 smartGAS Mikrosensorik NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.21 SST Sensing; 13.21.1 SST Sensing Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.21.2 SST Sensing NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.21.3 SST Sensing NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.22 Winsen; 13.22.1 Winsen Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.22.2 Winsen NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.22.3 Winsen NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.23 Suzhou Promisense; 13.23.1 Suzhou Promisense Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.23.2 Suzhou Promisense NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.23.3 Suzhou Promisense NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025); 13.24 Figaro Engineering; 13.24.1 Figaro Engineering Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information); 13.24.2 Figaro Engineering NDIR Sensors Product Portfolio; 13.24.3 Figaro Engineering NDIR Sensors Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14 Industry Chain Analysis: 14.1 NDIR Sensors Industry Chain Analysis; 14.2 NDIR Sensors Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis; 14.2.1 NDIR Sensors Key Raw Material Supply Analysis; 14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information; 14.3 NDIR Sensors Typical Downstream Customers; 14.4 NDIR Sensors Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source: 16.1 Methodology/Research Approach; 16.2 Research Scope; 16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions; 16.4 Date Source; 16.4.1 Primary Sources; 16.4.2 Secondary Sources; 16.5 Data Cross Validation; 16.6 Disclaimer