Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

A hydrogen electrolyzer is a device that utilizes an electrochemical process called electrolysis to split water (H₂O) into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) gases. This process involves passing an electric current through water, typically with the help of electrodes, causing water molecules to dissociate into their constituent elements. The hydrogen gas is collected at one electrode (cathode), while oxygen is collected at the other electrode (anode). Electrolyzers play a pivotal role in the production of green hydrogen, which is considered environmentally friendly because it can be powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, during the electrolysis process. Hydrogen electrolyzers come in different types, including alkaline electrolyzers, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, and solid oxide electrolyzers, each with specific advantages and applications. The technology is a key component in the quest for sustainable and clean energy systems, enabling the production of hydrogen as a versatile and green fuel for various sectors, including transportation and industrial processes.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Hydrogen Electrolyzer market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Hydrogen Electrolyzer include 718th Research Institute of CSIC, Suzhou Jingli, Proton On-Site, Cummins, Siemens, Teledyne Energy Systems, EM Solution, McPhy, Nel Hydrogen, Toshiba, TianJin Mainland, Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment, Elogen, Erredue SpA, Kobelco Eco-Solutions, ITM Power, Idroenergy Spa, ShaanXi HuaQin, Beijing Zhongdian, Elchemtech, H2B2, Verde LLC etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Hydrogen Electrolyzer. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Hydrogen Electrolyzer market. The report data covers historical data from 2019 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Hydrogen Electrolyzer market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Hydrogen Electrolyzer industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Hydrogen Electrolyzer Include:

718th Research Institute of CSIC

Suzhou Jingli

Proton On-Site

Cummins

Siemens

Teledyne Energy Systems

EM Solution

McPhy

Nel Hydrogen

Toshiba

TianJin Mainland

Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment

Elogen

Erredue SpA

Kobelco Eco-Solutions

ITM Power

Idroenergy Spa

ShaanXi HuaQin

Beijing Zhongdian

Elchemtech

H2B2

Verde LLC

Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Segment Include:

Traditional Alkaline Electroliser

PEM Electroliser

Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Application Include:

Power Plants

Steel Plant

Electronics and Photovoltaics

Industrial Gases

Energy Storage or Fueling for FCEV's

Power to Gas

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 6: North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 7: Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Traditional Alkaline Electroliser
1.2.3 PEM Electroliser
1.3 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Power Plants
1.3.3 Steel Plant
1.3.4 Electronics and Photovoltaics
1.3.5 Industrial Gases
1.3.6 Energy Storage or Fueling for FCEV's
1.3.7 Power to Gas
1.3.8 Others
1.4 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market PESTEL Analysis
2.1 Political Factors Analysis
2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
2.3 Social Factors Analysis
2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3.1 Competitive Rivalry
3.2 Threat of New Entrants
3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Analysis by Regions
4.1 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.3.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.4 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
5 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type and Application
5.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
5.1.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
6.3 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
6.3.1 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
6.3.2 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
6.4 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
6.4.1 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.4.2 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
6.5 North America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Country
6.5.1 US
6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
7.3.1 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
7.4.1 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2  Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 Europe Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Germany
7.5.2 France
7.5.3 United Kingdom
7.5.4 Italy
7.5.5 Spain
7.5.6 Benelux
8 China
8.1 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
8.3.1 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
8.4.1 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2 China Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9 APAC (excl. China)
9.1 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.5 APAC (excl. China) Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Japan
9.5.2 South Korea
9.5.3 India
9.5.4 Australia
9.5.5 Indonesia
9.5.6 Vietnam
9.5.7 Malaysia
9.5.8 Thailand
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
10.3.1 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
10.4.1 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 Latin America Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Mexico
10.5.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Middle East & Africa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers
12.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.1 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.2 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.3 Global Hydrogen Electrolyzer Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
12.2.1 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Competitive Landscape Analysis
12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis
13.1 718th Research Institute of CSIC
13.1.1 718th Research Institute of CSIC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.1.2 718th Research Institute of CSIC Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.1.3 718th Research Institute of CSIC Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.2 Suzhou Jingli
13.2.1 Suzhou Jingli Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.2.2 Suzhou Jingli Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.2.3 Suzhou Jingli Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.3 Proton On-Site
13.3.1 Proton On-Site Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.3.2 Proton On-Site Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.3.3 Proton On-Site Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.4 Cummins
13.4.1 Cummins Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.4.2 Cummins Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.4.3 Cummins Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.5 Siemens
13.5.1 Siemens Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.5.2 Siemens Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.5.3 Siemens Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.6 Teledyne Energy Systems
13.6.1 Teledyne Energy Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.6.2 Teledyne Energy Systems Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.6.3 Teledyne Energy Systems Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.7 EM Solution
13.7.1 EM Solution Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.7.2 EM Solution Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.7.3 EM Solution Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.8 McPhy
13.8.1 McPhy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.8.2 McPhy Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.8.3 McPhy Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.9 Nel Hydrogen
13.9.1 Nel Hydrogen Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.9.2 Nel Hydrogen Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.9.3 Nel Hydrogen Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.10 Toshiba
13.10.1 Toshiba Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.10.2 Toshiba Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.10.3 Toshiba Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.11 TianJin Mainland
13.11.1 TianJin Mainland Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.11.2 TianJin Mainland Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.11.3 TianJin Mainland Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.12 Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment
13.12.1 Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.12.2 Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.12.3 Yangzhou Chungdean Hydrogen Equipment Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.13 Elogen
13.13.1 Elogen Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.13.2 Elogen Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.13.3 Elogen Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.14 Erredue SpA
13.14.1 Erredue SpA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.14.2 Erredue SpA Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.14.3 Erredue SpA Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.15 Kobelco Eco-Solutions
13.15.1 Kobelco Eco-Solutions Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.15.2 Kobelco Eco-Solutions Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.15.3 Kobelco Eco-Solutions Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.16 ITM Power
13.16.1 ITM Power Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.16.2 ITM Power Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.16.3 ITM Power Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.17 Idroenergy Spa
13.17.1 Idroenergy Spa Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.17.2 Idroenergy Spa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.17.3 Idroenergy Spa Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.18 ShaanXi HuaQin
13.18.1 ShaanXi HuaQin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.18.2 ShaanXi HuaQin Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.18.3 ShaanXi HuaQin Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.19 Beijing Zhongdian
13.19.1 Beijing Zhongdian Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.19.2 Beijing Zhongdian Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.19.3 Beijing Zhongdian Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.20 Elchemtech
13.20.1 Elchemtech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.20.2 Elchemtech Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.20.3 Elchemtech Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.21 H2B2
13.21.1 H2B2 Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.21.2 H2B2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.21.3 H2B2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.22 Verde LLC
13.22.1 Verde LLC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.22.2 Verde LLC Hydrogen Electrolyzer Product Portfolio
13.22.3 Verde LLC Hydrogen Electrolyzer Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14 Industry Chain Analysis
14.1 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry Chain Analysis
14.2 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
14.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
14.3 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Typical Downstream Customers
14.4 Hydrogen Electrolyzer Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.2 Research Scope
16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
16.4 Date Source
16.4.1 Primary Sources
16.4.2 Secondary Sources
16.5 Data Cross Validation
16.6 Disclaimer

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