Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary A heat pump water heater is a device that uses the principles of thermodynamics to efficiently heat water for domestic or commercial purposes. Unlike traditional electric or gas water heaters that generate heat directly, heat pump water heaters extract heat from the surrounding air or ground and transfer it to the water. The system consists of a compressor, evaporator, condenser, and a refrigerant fluid, which undergoes cycles of compression and expansion to absorb and release heat. This process allows heat pump water heaters to be highly energy-efficient, as they move rather than generate heat. They are particularly effective in moderate climates where the ambient air or ground temperature is relatively stable. Heat pump water heaters contribute to energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, making them an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional water heating systems. According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Heat Pump Water Heaters market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%. The major global manufacturers of Heat Pump Water Heaters include Panasonic, Mitsubishi Electric, GE Appliances, GREE, Midea, Darkin, A. O. Smith, Hitachi, Jandy, Wotech, Zhejiang Zhongguang, Pentair, New Energy, Dimplex, Hayward, Viessmann, Toshiba, Alpha-Innotec, Tongyi, Zhongrui, Itomic, Thermia, Rheem, Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar, Ochsner, Stiebel-Eltron etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale. This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Heat Pump Water Heaters. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Heat Pump Water Heaters market. The report data covers historical data from 2019 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030. The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Heat Pump Water Heaters market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Heat Pump Water Heaters industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.     The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database. Global Key Manufacturers of Heat Pump Water Heaters Include: Panasonic Mitsubishi Electric GE Appliances GREE Midea Darkin A. O. Smith Hitachi Jandy Wotech Zhejiang Zhongguang Pentair New Energy Dimplex Hayward Viessmann Toshiba Alpha-Innotec Tongyi Zhongrui Itomic Thermia Rheem Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar Ochsner Stiebel-Eltron Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Segment Include: Air Source Heat Pump Water Source Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Application Include: Residential Use Commercial & Industrial Use Chapter Scope Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends Chapter 2: Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry PESTEL Analysis Chapter 3: Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Chapter 4: Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis Chapter 5: Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis Chapter 6: North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 7: Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 8: China Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 10: Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis) Chapter 12: Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration) Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin) Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Air Source Heat Pump
1.2.3 Water Source Heat Pump
1.2.4 Ground Source Heat Pump
1.3 Heat Pump Water Heaters Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Residential Use
1.3.3 Commercial & Industrial Use
1.4 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Market PESTEL Analysis
2.1 Political Factors Analysis
2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
2.3 Social Factors Analysis
2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3.1 Competitive Rivalry
3.2 Threat of New Entrants
3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Analysis by Regions
4.1 Heat Pump Water Heaters Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.3.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.4 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
5 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type and Application
5.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
5.1.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
6.3 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
6.3.1 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
6.3.2 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
6.4 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
6.4.1 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.4.2 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
6.5 North America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Country
6.5.1 US
6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
7.3.1 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
7.4.1 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2  Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 Europe Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Germany
7.5.2 France
7.5.3 United Kingdom
7.5.4 Italy
7.5.5 Spain
7.5.6 Benelux
8 China
8.1 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
8.3.1 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
8.4.1 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2 China Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9 APAC (excl. China)
9.1 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.5 APAC (excl. China) Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Japan
9.5.2 South Korea
9.5.3 India
9.5.4 Australia
9.5.5 Indonesia
9.5.6 Vietnam
9.5.7 Malaysia
9.5.8 Thailand
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
10.3.1 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
10.4.1 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 Latin America Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Mexico
10.5.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Middle East & Africa Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers
12.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.1 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.2 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.3 Global Heat Pump Water Heaters Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
12.2.1 Heat Pump Water Heaters Competitive Landscape Analysis
12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis
13.1 Panasonic
13.1.1 Panasonic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.1.2 Panasonic Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.1.3 Panasonic Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.2 Mitsubishi Electric
13.2.1 Mitsubishi Electric Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.2.2 Mitsubishi Electric Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.2.3 Mitsubishi Electric Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.3 GE Appliances
13.3.1 GE Appliances Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.3.2 GE Appliances Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.3.3 GE Appliances Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.4 GREE
13.4.1 GREE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.4.2 GREE Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.4.3 GREE Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.5 Midea
13.5.1 Midea Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.5.2 Midea Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.5.3 Midea Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.6 Darkin
13.6.1 Darkin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.6.2 Darkin Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.6.3 Darkin Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.7 A. O. Smith
13.7.1 A. O. Smith Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.7.2 A. O. Smith Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.7.3 A. O. Smith Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.8 Hitachi
13.8.1 Hitachi Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.8.2 Hitachi Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.8.3 Hitachi Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.9 Jandy
13.9.1 Jandy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.9.2 Jandy Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.9.3 Jandy Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.10 Wotech
13.10.1 Wotech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.10.2 Wotech Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.10.3 Wotech Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.11 Zhejiang Zhongguang
13.11.1 Zhejiang Zhongguang Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.11.2 Zhejiang Zhongguang Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.11.3 Zhejiang Zhongguang Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.12 Pentair
13.12.1 Pentair Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.12.2 Pentair Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.12.3 Pentair Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.13 New Energy
13.13.1 New Energy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.13.2 New Energy Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.13.3 New Energy Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.14 Dimplex
13.14.1 Dimplex Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.14.2 Dimplex Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.14.3 Dimplex Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.15 Hayward
13.15.1 Hayward Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.15.2 Hayward Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.15.3 Hayward Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.16 Viessmann
13.16.1 Viessmann Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.16.2 Viessmann Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.16.3 Viessmann Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.17 Toshiba
13.17.1 Toshiba Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.17.2 Toshiba Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.17.3 Toshiba Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.18 Alpha-Innotec
13.18.1 Alpha-Innotec Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.18.2 Alpha-Innotec Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.18.3 Alpha-Innotec Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.19 Tongyi
13.19.1 Tongyi Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.19.2 Tongyi Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.19.3 Tongyi Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.20 Zhongrui
13.20.1 Zhongrui Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.20.2 Zhongrui Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.20.3 Zhongrui Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.21 Itomic
13.21.1 Itomic Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.21.2 Itomic Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.21.3 Itomic Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.22 Thermia
13.22.1 Thermia Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.22.2 Thermia Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.22.3 Thermia Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.23 Rheem
13.23.1 Rheem Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.23.2 Rheem Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.23.3 Rheem Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.24 Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar
13.24.1 Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.24.2 Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.24.3 Hangzhou Jinjiang Solar Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.25 Ochsner
13.25.1 Ochsner Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.25.2 Ochsner Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.25.3 Ochsner Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.26 Stiebel-Eltron
13.26.1 Stiebel-Eltron Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.26.2 Stiebel-Eltron Heat Pump Water Heaters Product Portfolio
13.26.3 Stiebel-Eltron Heat Pump Water Heaters Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14 Industry Chain Analysis
14.1 Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry Chain Analysis
14.2 Heat Pump Water Heaters Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
14.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
14.3 Heat Pump Water Heaters Typical Downstream Customers
14.4 Heat Pump Water Heaters Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.2 Research Scope
16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
16.4 Date Source
16.4.1 Primary Sources
16.4.2 Secondary Sources
16.5 Data Cross Validation
16.6 Disclaimer

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