Global Fire Damper Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global Fire Damper Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

A fire damper is a crucial passive fire protection device installed within heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through ductwork and ventilation openings in a building. Typically placed at duct intersections or where ducts penetrate fire-rated barriers, fire dampers automatically close in the presence of high temperatures, triggered either by a fusible link or a thermal sensor. The closure of the damper forms a barrier, restricting the passage of flames and smoke, and helps compartmentalize the building to contain the fire. Fire dampers play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of fire-rated barriers and ensuring that fire safety measures are effective in both commercial and residential structures. Regular inspection, testing, and maintenance of fire dampers are essential to guarantee their proper functionality during a fire emergency.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Fire Damper market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of Fire Damper include TROX, Ruskin, FLAKT WOODS, Greenheck, Actionair, HALTON, Rf-Technologies, Nailor, Flamgard Calidair, MP3, Aldes, Lorient, KOOLAIR, BSB Engineering Services, Ventilation Systems JSC, Klimaoprema, Lloyd Industries, Celmec, Systemair, Air Management Inc, AMALVA, ALNOR Systems, Tecno-ventil SpA, NCA Manufacturing, Inc, TANGRA, Chongqing Eran, Shandong Zhongda, Jingjiang Nachuan, Suzhou Foundation, Dezhou Changxing etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Fire Damper. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Fire Damper market. The report data covers historical data from 2019 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Fire Damper market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Fire Damper industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.    

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Fire Damper Include:

TROX

Ruskin

FLAKT WOODS

Greenheck

Actionair

HALTON

Rf-Technologies

Nailor

Flamgard Calidair

MP3

Aldes

Lorient

KOOLAIR

BSB Engineering Services

Ventilation Systems JSC

Klimaoprema

Lloyd Industries

Celmec

Systemair

Air Management Inc

AMALVA

ALNOR Systems

Tecno-ventil SpA

NCA Manufacturing, Inc

TANGRA

Chongqing Eran

Shandong Zhongda

Jingjiang Nachuan

Suzhou Foundation

Dezhou Changxing

Fire Damper Product Segment Include:

Mechanical Dampers

Intumescent Dampers

Air Transfer Fire Dampers

Others

Fire Damper Product Application Include:

Residential Buildings

Commercial Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Marine

Other

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Fire Damper Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Fire Damper Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Fire Damper Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Fire Damper Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 6: North America Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 7: Europe Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: China Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: Latin America Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa Fire Damper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Global Fire Damper Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Fire Damper Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Fire Damper Product by Type
1.2.1 Global Fire Damper Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 Mechanical Dampers
1.2.3 Intumescent Dampers
1.2.4 Air Transfer Fire Dampers
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Fire Damper Product by Application
1.3.1 Global Fire Damper Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Residential Buildings
1.3.3 Commercial Buildings
1.3.4 Industrial Buildings
1.3.5 Marine
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Global Fire Damper Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Fire Damper Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Fire Damper Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Fire Damper Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 Fire Damper Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 Fire Damper Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 Fire Damper Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 Fire Damper Market PESTEL Analysis
2.1 Political Factors Analysis
2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
2.3 Social Factors Analysis
2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 Fire Damper Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3.1 Competitive Rivalry
3.2 Threat of New Entrants
3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global Fire Damper Market Analysis by Regions
4.1 Fire Damper Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2 Global Fire Damper Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Fire Damper Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Fire Damper Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 Global Fire Damper Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.3.1 Global Fire Damper Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Fire Damper Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.4 Global Fire Damper Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
5 Global Fire Damper Market Size by Type and Application
5.1 Global Fire Damper Market Size by Type
5.1.1 Global Fire Damper Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.2 Global Fire Damper Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Fire Damper Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Fire Damper Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Fire Damper Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
6.3 North America Fire Damper Market Size by Type
6.3.1 North America Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
6.3.2 North America Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
6.4 North America Fire Damper Market Size by Application
6.4.1 North America Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.4.2 North America Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
6.5 North America Fire Damper Market Size by Country
6.5.1 US
6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 Europe Fire Damper Market Size by Type
7.3.1 Europe Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Europe Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 Europe Fire Damper Market Size by Application
7.4.1 Europe Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2  Europe Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 Europe Fire Damper Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Germany
7.5.2 France
7.5.3 United Kingdom
7.5.4 Italy
7.5.5 Spain
7.5.6 Benelux
8 China
8.1 China Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 China Fire Damper Market Size by Type
8.3.1 China Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 China Fire Damper Market Size by Application
8.4.1 China Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2 China Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9 APAC (excl. China)
9.1 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Market Size by Type
9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Market Size by Application
9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.5 APAC (excl. China) Fire Damper Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Japan
9.5.2 South Korea
9.5.3 India
9.5.4 Australia
9.5.5 Indonesia
9.5.6 Vietnam
9.5.7 Malaysia
9.5.8 Thailand
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 Latin America Fire Damper Market Size by Type
10.3.1 Latin America Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Latin America Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 Latin America Fire Damper Market Size by Application
10.4.1 Latin America Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 Latin America Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 Latin America Fire Damper Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Mexico
10.5.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Middle East & Africa Fire Damper Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers
12.1 Global Fire Damper Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.1 Global Fire Damper Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.2 Global Fire Damper Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.3 Global Fire Damper Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.2 Fire Damper Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
12.2.1 Fire Damper Competitive Landscape Analysis
12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis
13.1 TROX
13.1.1 TROX Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.1.2 TROX Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.1.3 TROX Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.2 Ruskin
13.2.1 Ruskin Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.2.2 Ruskin Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.2.3 Ruskin Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.3 FLAKT WOODS
13.3.1 FLAKT WOODS Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.3.2 FLAKT WOODS Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.3.3 FLAKT WOODS Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.4 Greenheck
13.4.1 Greenheck Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.4.2 Greenheck Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.4.3 Greenheck Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.5 Actionair
13.5.1 Actionair Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.5.2 Actionair Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.5.3 Actionair Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.6 HALTON
13.6.1 HALTON Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.6.2 HALTON Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.6.3 HALTON Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.7 Rf-Technologies
13.7.1 Rf-Technologies Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.7.2 Rf-Technologies Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.7.3 Rf-Technologies Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.8 Nailor
13.8.1 Nailor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.8.2 Nailor Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.8.3 Nailor Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.9 Flamgard Calidair
13.9.1 Flamgard Calidair Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.9.2 Flamgard Calidair Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.9.3 Flamgard Calidair Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.10 MP3
13.10.1 MP3 Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.10.2 MP3 Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.10.3 MP3 Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.11 Aldes
13.11.1 Aldes Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.11.2 Aldes Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.11.3 Aldes Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.12 Lorient
13.12.1 Lorient Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.12.2 Lorient Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.12.3 Lorient Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.13 KOOLAIR
13.13.1 KOOLAIR Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.13.2 KOOLAIR Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.13.3 KOOLAIR Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.14 BSB Engineering Services
13.14.1 BSB Engineering Services Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.14.2 BSB Engineering Services Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.14.3 BSB Engineering Services Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.15 Ventilation Systems JSC
13.15.1 Ventilation Systems JSC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.15.2 Ventilation Systems JSC Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.15.3 Ventilation Systems JSC Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.16 Klimaoprema
13.16.1 Klimaoprema Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.16.2 Klimaoprema Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.16.3 Klimaoprema Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.17 Lloyd Industries
13.17.1 Lloyd Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.17.2 Lloyd Industries Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.17.3 Lloyd Industries Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.18 Celmec
13.18.1 Celmec Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.18.2 Celmec Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.18.3 Celmec Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.19 Systemair
13.19.1 Systemair Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.19.2 Systemair Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.19.3 Systemair Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.20 Air Management Inc
13.20.1 Air Management Inc Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.20.2 Air Management Inc Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.20.3 Air Management Inc Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.21 AMALVA
13.21.1 AMALVA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.21.2 AMALVA Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.21.3 AMALVA Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.22 ALNOR Systems
13.22.1 ALNOR Systems Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.22.2 ALNOR Systems Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.22.3 ALNOR Systems Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.23 Tecno-ventil SpA
13.23.1 Tecno-ventil SpA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.23.2 Tecno-ventil SpA Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.23.3 Tecno-ventil SpA Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.24 NCA Manufacturing, Inc
13.24.1 NCA Manufacturing, Inc Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.24.2 NCA Manufacturing, Inc Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.24.3 NCA Manufacturing, Inc Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.25 TANGRA
13.25.1 TANGRA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.25.2 TANGRA Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.25.3 TANGRA Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.26 Chongqing Eran
13.26.1 Chongqing Eran Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.26.2 Chongqing Eran Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.26.3 Chongqing Eran Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.27 Shandong Zhongda
13.27.1 Shandong Zhongda Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.27.2 Shandong Zhongda Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.27.3 Shandong Zhongda Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.28 Jingjiang Nachuan
13.28.1 Jingjiang Nachuan Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.28.2 Jingjiang Nachuan Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.28.3 Jingjiang Nachuan Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.29 Suzhou Foundation
13.29.1 Suzhou Foundation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.29.2 Suzhou Foundation Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.29.3 Suzhou Foundation Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.30 Dezhou Changxing
13.30.1 Dezhou Changxing Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.30.2 Dezhou Changxing Fire Damper Product Portfolio
13.30.3 Dezhou Changxing Fire Damper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14 Industry Chain Analysis
14.1 Fire Damper Industry Chain Analysis
14.2 Fire Damper Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
14.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
14.3 Fire Damper Typical Downstream Customers
14.4 Fire Damper Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.2 Research Scope
16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
16.4 Date Source
16.4.1 Primary Sources
16.4.2 Secondary Sources
16.5 Data Cross Validation
16.6 Disclaimer

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