Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025

Research Summary

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) is a high-purity manganese compound manufactured through an electrolysis process. In this method, manganese sulfate is electrolytically reduced, depositing a layer of manganese dioxide onto a cathode. EMD is known for its exceptional purity, which is crucial for various applications, primarily as a key component in the production of dry cell batteries, particularly alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries. It serves as the cathode material in these batteries, enabling efficient and reliable energy storage and release due to its high electrochemical reactivity and stability. EMD is also utilized in other sectors, including the electronics and water treatment industries, where its high quality and performance characteristics are valued.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.

The major global  manufacturers of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) include Tosoh, Prince, Borman Specialty Materials, Autlán, Mesa Minerals Limited, Golden Mile GmbH, Moil Limited, Xiangtan Electrochemical, Guiliu Chemical, CITIC Dameng Mining Industries, Guizhou Redstar, Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry, Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry, Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD). Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.  

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Include:

Tosoh

Prince

Borman Specialty Materials

Autlán

Mesa Minerals Limited

Golden Mile GmbH

Moil Limited

Xiangtan Electrochemical

Guiliu Chemical

CITIC Dameng Mining Industries

Guizhou Redstar

Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry

Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry

Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Segment Include:

Alkaline Battery Grade EMD

Zinc Manganese and Zinc-Carbon Battery Grade EMD

Lithium-Ion Battery Grade EMD

Primary Lithium Manganese Battery Grade

Other Grade EMD

Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Application Include:

Primary Battery

Secondary Battery

Others

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Capacity and Production Analysis

Chapter 3: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 4: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 5: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 6: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 7: North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 13: Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources


1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product by Type
1.2.1 Alkaline Battery Grade EMD
1.2.2 Zinc Manganese and Zinc-Carbon Battery Grade EMD
1.2.3 Lithium-Ion Battery Grade EMD
1.2.4 Primary Lithium Manganese Battery Grade
1.2.5 Other Grade EMD
1.3 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product by Application
1.3.1 Primary Battery
1.3.2 Secondary Battery
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
1.4.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
1.4.3 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
1.5 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry Trends and Innovation
1.5.1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry Trends and Innovation
1.5.2 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Drivers and Challenges
2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Capacity and Production Analysis
2.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
2.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
2.3 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Production by Region
2.3.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Production by Region (2020-2025)
2.3.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
2.3.3 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
3 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market PESTEL Analysis
3.1 Political Factors Analysis
3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
3.3 Social Factors Analysis
3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
4 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.1 Competitive Rivalry
4.2 Threat of New Entrants
4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
4.5 Threat of Substitutes
5 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Analysis by Regions
5.1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
5.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
5.2.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
5.2.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
5.3 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
5.3.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
5.3.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
5.4 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
6 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type and Application
6.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
6.1.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
6.1.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
6.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
6.2.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
6.2.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
7 North America
7.1 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
7.3.1 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
7.3.2 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
7.4 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
7.4.1 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
7.4.2 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
7.5 North America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
7.5.1 US
7.5.2 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
8.3.1 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
8.3.2 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
8.4 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
8.4.1 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
8.4.2 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
8.5 Europe Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
8.5.1 Germany
8.5.2 France
8.5.3 United Kingdom
8.5.4 Italy
8.5.5 Spain
8.5.6 Benelux
9 China
9.1 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
9.3.1 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
9.3.2 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
9.4 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
9.4.1 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
9.4.2 China Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
10 APAC (excl. China)
10.1 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
10.4 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
10.5 APAC (excl. China) Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Japan
10.5.2 South Korea
10.5.3 India
10.5.4 Australia
10.5.5 Southeast Asia
11 Latin America
11.1 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
1`.3 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
11.3.2 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
11.4 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
11.4.2 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
11.5 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
11.6 Latin America Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
11.6.1 Mexico
11.6.2 Brazil
12 Middle East & Africa
12.1 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
12.3 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Type
12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Type (2020-2032)
12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
12.4 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Application
12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales by Application (2020-2032)
12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
12.5 Middle East Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Size by Country
12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
12.5.2 South Africa
13 Competition by Manufacturers
13.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
13.1.1 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
13.1.2 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
13.1.3 Global Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
13.2 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
13.2.1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Competitive Landscape Analysis
13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
13.2.3 Market Dynamic
14 Key Companies Analysis
14.1 Tosoh
14.1.1 Tosoh Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.1.2 Tosoh Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.1.3 Tosoh Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.2 Prince
14.2.1 Prince Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.2.2 Prince Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.2.3 Prince Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.3 Borman Specialty Materials
14.3.1 Borman Specialty Materials Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.3.2 Borman Specialty Materials Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.3.3 Borman Specialty Materials Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.4 Autlán
14.4.1 Autlán Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.4.2 Autlán Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.4.3 Autlán Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.5 Mesa Minerals Limited
14.5.1 Mesa Minerals Limited Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.5.2 Mesa Minerals Limited Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.5.3 Mesa Minerals Limited Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.6 Golden Mile GmbH
14.6.1 Golden Mile GmbH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.6.2 Golden Mile GmbH Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Golden Mile GmbH Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.7 Moil Limited
14.7.1 Moil Limited Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.7.2 Moil Limited Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Moil Limited Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.8 Xiangtan Electrochemical
14.8.1 Xiangtan Electrochemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.8.2 Xiangtan Electrochemical Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.8.3 Xiangtan Electrochemical Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.9 Guiliu Chemical
14.9.1 Guiliu Chemical Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.9.2 Guiliu Chemical Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.9.3 Guiliu Chemical Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.10 CITIC Dameng Mining Industries
14.10.1 CITIC Dameng Mining Industries Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.10.2 CITIC Dameng Mining Industries Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.10.3 CITIC Dameng Mining Industries Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.11 Guizhou Redstar
14.11.1 Guizhou Redstar Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.11.2 Guizhou Redstar Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.11.3 Guizhou Redstar Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.12 Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry
14.12.1 Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.12.2 Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.12.3 Guangxi Jingxi County Yizhou Manganese Industry Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.13 Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry
14.13.1 Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.13.2 Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.13.3 Guangxi Non-Ferrous Metals Group Huiyuan Manganese Industry Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
14.14 Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group
14.14.1 Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
14.14.2 Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Product Portfolio
14.14.3 Guizhou Manganese Mineral Group Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
15 Industry Chain Analysis
15.1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry Chain Analysis
15.2 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
15.2.1 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
15.3 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Typical Downstream Customers
15.4 Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Sales Channel Analysis
16 Research Findings and Conclusion
17 Methodology and Data Source
17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
17.2 Research Scope
17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
17.4 Date Source
17.4.1 Primary Sources
17.4.2 Secondary Sources
17.5 Data Cross Validation
17.6 Disclaimer

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