Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024

Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2024



Research Summary

A 3-in-1 electric drive system refers to a compact and integrated propulsion unit used in electric vehicles (EVs) that combines three essential components: an electric motor, power electronics, and a transmission or gearbox. This system is designed to efficiently convert electrical energy from the vehicle's battery into mechanical energy for propulsion. The electric motor serves as the primary source of propulsion by converting electrical power into rotational force, while the power electronics control module manages the flow of electricity between the battery pack and the motor, optimizing energy efficiency and performance. The transmission or gearbox is integrated within the system to transmit the motor's torque to the vehicle's wheels, allowing for varying speeds and enhancing overall drivability. This integrated design helps reduce weight, improve space utilization within the vehicle, and enhance the efficiency and responsiveness of electric drivetrains, contributing to the advancement of electric mobility technology.

According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System market size will reach XX US$ Million in 2024, and is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2030). Among them, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. The market size in 2024 will be XX US$ Million, accounting for approximately XX% of the world. It is expected to reach XX US$ Million in 2030, and the global share will reach XX%.

The major global manufacturers of 3-in-1 Electric Drive System include Tesla, BYD, ZF Group, BorgWarner, Bosch, Valeo, Schaeffler, Vitesco Technologies, Nidec Corporation, MAHLE GmbH, GKN Automotive, XPT, Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric, Broad-Ocean, JEE, Huawei, Ningbo Physis, JJE, Inovance Automotive, Enpower, Zhejiang Founder Motor, Shinry Technologies, DajunTech etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tiers is the global leading enterprise, which occupies a major market share, is in a leading position in the industry, has strong competitiveness and influence, and has a large revenue scale; the second tiers has a certain share and popularity in the market, actively follows the industry leaders in product, service or technological innovation, and has a medium revenue scale; the third tiers has a smaller share in the market, has a lower brand awareness, mainly focuses on the local market, and has a relatively small revenue scale.

This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of 3-in-1 Electric Drive System. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales volume, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System market. The report data covers historical data from 2019 to 2023, based year in 2024 and forecast data from 2025 to 2030.

The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the 3-in-1 Electric Drive System market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of 3-in-1 Electric Drive System industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.

The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.

Global Key Manufacturers of 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Include:

Tesla

BYD

ZF Group

BorgWarner

Bosch

Valeo

Schaeffler

Vitesco Technologies

Nidec Corporation

MAHLE GmbH

GKN Automotive

XPT

Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric

Broad-Ocean

JEE

Huawei

Ningbo Physis

JJE

Inovance Automotive

Enpower

Zhejiang Founder Motor

Shinry Technologies

DajunTech

3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Segment Include:

<50kW

50-100kW

>100kW

3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Application Include:

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Chapter Scope

Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends

Chapter 2: Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry PESTEL Analysis

Chapter 3: Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Chapter 4: Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis

Chapter 5: Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis

Chapter 6: North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 7: Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 8: China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 9: APAC (Excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 10: Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 11: Middle East and Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)

Chapter 12: Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)

Chapter 13: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)

Chapter 14: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers

Chapter 15: Research Findings and Conclusion

Chapter 16: Methodology and Data Sources


1 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
1.2 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product by Type
1.2.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.2.2 <50kW
1.2.3 50-100kW
1.2.4 >100kW
1.3 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product by Application
1.3.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3.2 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
1.3.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
1.4 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
1.4.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Sales Analysis (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
1.5 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Development Status and Trends
1.5.1 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry Development Status Analysis
1.5.2 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry Development Trends Analysis
2 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market PESTEL Analysis
2.1 Political Factors Analysis
2.2 Economic Factors Analysis
2.3 Social Factors Analysis
2.4 Technological Factors Analysis
2.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
2.6 Legal Factors Analysis
3 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
3.1 Competitive Rivalry
3.2 Threat of New Entrants
3.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.5 Threat of Substitutes
4 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Analysis by Regions
4.1 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Overall Market: 2023 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales and Forecast Analysis (2019-2030)
4.3.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales and Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
4.4 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales Price Trend Analysis (2019-2030)
5 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type and Application
5.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
5.1.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2019-2030)
6 North America
6.1 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
6.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
6.3 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
6.3.1 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
6.3.2 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
6.4 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
6.4.1 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
6.4.2 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
6.5 North America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Country
6.5.1 US
6.5.2 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
7.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
7.3 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
7.3.1 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
7.3.2 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
7.4 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
7.4.1 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
7.4.2  Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
7.5 Europe 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Country
7.5.1 Germany
7.5.2 France
7.5.3 United Kingdom
7.5.4 Italy
7.5.5 Spain
7.5.6 Benelux
8 China
8.1 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
8.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
8.3 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
8.3.1 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
8.3.2 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
8.4 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
8.4.1 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
8.4.2 China 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9 APAC (excl. China)
9.1 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
9.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
9.3 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
9.3.1 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.3.2 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.4 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
9.4.1 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.4.2 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.5 APAC (excl. China) 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Country
9.5.1 Japan
9.5.2 South Korea
9.5.3 India
9.5.4 Australia
9.5.5 Indonesia
9.5.6 Vietnam
9.5.7 Malaysia
9.5.8 Thailand
10 Latin America
10.1 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
10.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
10.3 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
10.3.1 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.3.2 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.4 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
10.4.1 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.4.2 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.5 Latin America 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Country
10.5.1 Mexico
10.5.2 Brazil
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2019-2030)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
11.3 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Type
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.4 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Application
11.4.1 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.4.2 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.5 Middle East & Africa 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Size by Country
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 South Africa
12 Competition by Manufacturers
12.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.1 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.2 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.1.3 Global 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2020-2024)
12.2 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
12.2.1 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Competitive Landscape Analysis
12.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
12.2.3 Market Dynamic
13 Key Companies Analysis
13.1 Tesla
13.1.1 Tesla Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.1.2 Tesla 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.1.3 Tesla 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.2 BYD
13.2.1 BYD Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.2.2 BYD 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.2.3 BYD 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.3 ZF Group
13.3.1 ZF Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.3.2 ZF Group 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.3.3 ZF Group 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.4 BorgWarner
13.4.1 BorgWarner Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.4.2 BorgWarner 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.4.3 BorgWarner 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.5 Bosch
13.5.1 Bosch Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.5.2 Bosch 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.5.3 Bosch 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.6 Valeo
13.6.1 Valeo Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.6.2 Valeo 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.6.3 Valeo 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.7 Schaeffler
13.7.1 Schaeffler Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.7.2 Schaeffler 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.7.3 Schaeffler 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.8 Vitesco Technologies
13.8.1 Vitesco Technologies Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.8.2 Vitesco Technologies 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.8.3 Vitesco Technologies 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.9 Nidec Corporation
13.9.1 Nidec Corporation Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.9.2 Nidec Corporation 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.9.3 Nidec Corporation 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.10 MAHLE GmbH
13.10.1 MAHLE GmbH Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.10.2 MAHLE GmbH 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.10.3 MAHLE GmbH 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.11 GKN Automotive
13.11.1 GKN Automotive Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.11.2 GKN Automotive 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.11.3 GKN Automotive 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.12 XPT
13.12.1 XPT Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.12.2 XPT 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.12.3 XPT 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.13 Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric
13.13.1 Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.13.2 Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.13.3 Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.14 Broad-Ocean
13.14.1 Broad-Ocean Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.14.2 Broad-Ocean 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.14.3 Broad-Ocean 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.15 JEE
13.15.1 JEE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.15.2 JEE 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.15.3 JEE 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.16 Huawei
13.16.1 Huawei Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.16.2 Huawei 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.16.3 Huawei 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.17 Ningbo Physis
13.17.1 Ningbo Physis Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.17.2 Ningbo Physis 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.17.3 Ningbo Physis 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.18 JJE
13.18.1 JJE Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.18.2 JJE 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.18.3 JJE 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.19 Inovance Automotive
13.19.1 Inovance Automotive Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.19.2 Inovance Automotive 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.19.3 Inovance Automotive 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.20 Enpower
13.20.1 Enpower Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.20.2 Enpower 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.20.3 Enpower 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.21 Zhejiang Founder Motor
13.21.1 Zhejiang Founder Motor Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.21.2 Zhejiang Founder Motor 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.21.3 Zhejiang Founder Motor 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.22 Shinry Technologies
13.22.1 Shinry Technologies Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.22.2 Shinry Technologies 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.22.3 Shinry Technologies 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
13.23 DajunTech
13.23.1 DajunTech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
13.23.2 DajunTech 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Product Portfolio
13.23.3 DajunTech 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2020-2024)
14 Industry Chain Analysis
14.1 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry Chain Analysis
14.2 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Industry Upstream Supply Analysis
14.2.1 Upstream Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
14.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
14.3 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Typical Downstream Customers
14.4 3-in-1 Electric Drive System Sales Channel Analysis
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Methodology and Data Source
16.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.2 Research Scope
16.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
16.4 Date Source
16.4.1 Primary Sources
16.4.2 Secondary Sources
16.5 Data Cross Validation
16.6 Disclaimer

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