Global Copper Competitive Landscape Professional Research Report 2025
Research Summary
Copper is a versatile and widely used metallic element with the chemical symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, second only to silver among pure metals. Copper has been used by humans for thousands of years and is an essential element in various industries, including electrical, construction, plumbing, and telecommunications. It is commonly used in electrical wiring, power generation and distribution, as well as in the production of pipes, tubes, and fittings for plumbing systems. Copper＇s antimicrobial properties also make it suitable for medical applications and in products like doorknobs and touch surfaces. Additionally, copper is an important component in various alloys, such as brass and bronze. Its widespread use and versatility have made copper an indispensable material in modern society, contributing significantly to technological advancements and everyday living.
According to DIResearch's in-depth investigation and research, the global Copper market size was valued at XX Million USD in 2024 and is projected to reach XX Million USD by 2032, with a CAGR of XX% (2025-2032). Notably, the China market has changed rapidly in the past few years. By 2024, China's market size is expected to be XX Million USD, representing approximately XX% of the global market share. By 2032, it is anticipated to grow further to XX Million USD, contributing XX% to the worldwide market share.
The major global manufacturers of Copper include Aurubis, Jiangxi Copper, Golden Dragon, Wieland, KME Group, Jintian Group, IUSA, Mueller, Poongsan, TNMG, MKM, Mitsubishi Materials, Hailiang Group, Luvata, CHALCO, Jinchuan Group, Anhui Xinke, Marmon, Xingye Copper, KGHM, Furukawa Electric, Diehl Group, HALCOR Group, CNMC, Olin Brass, IBC Advanced Alloy, ChangChun Group, Mitsui Mining & Smelting, Dowa Metaltech, Nan Ya Plastics etc. The global players competition landscape in this report is divided into three tiers. The first tier comprises global leading enterprises that command a substantial market share, hold a dominant industry position, possess strong competitiveness and influence, and generate significant revenue. The second tier includes companies with a notable market presence and reputation; these firms actively follow industry leaders in product, service, or technological innovation and maintain a moderate revenue scale. The third tier consists of smaller companies with limited market share and lower brand recognition, primarily focused on local markets and generating comparatively lower revenue.
This report studies the market size, price trends and future development prospects of Copper. Focus on analysing the market share, product portfolio, prices, sales, revenue and gross profit margin of global major manufacturers, as well as the market status and trends of different product types and applications in the global Copper market. The report data covers historical data from 2020 to 2024, based year in 2025 and forecast data from 2026 to 2032.
The regions and countries in the report include North America, Europe, China, APAC (excl. China), Latin America and Middle East and Africa, covering the Copper market conditions and future development trends of key regions and countries, combined with industry-related policies and the latest technological developments, analyze the development characteristics of Copper industries in various regions and countries, help companies understand the development characteristics of each region, help companies formulate business strategies, and achieve the ultimate goal of the company's global development strategy.
The data sources of this report mainly include the National Bureau of Statistics, customs databases, industry associations, corporate financial reports, third-party databases, etc. Among them, macroeconomic data mainly comes from the National Bureau of Statistics, International Economic Research Organization; industry statistical data mainly come from industry associations; company data mainly comes from interviews, public information collection, third-party reliable databases, and price data mainly comes from various markets monitoring database.
Global Key Manufacturers of Copper Include:
Aurubis
Jiangxi Copper
Golden Dragon
Wieland
KME Group
Jintian Group
IUSA
Mueller
Poongsan
TNMG
MKM
Mitsubishi Materials
Hailiang Group
Luvata
CHALCO
Jinchuan Group
Anhui Xinke
Marmon
Xingye Copper
KGHM
Furukawa Electric
Diehl Group
HALCOR Group
CNMC
Olin Brass
IBC Advanced Alloy
ChangChun Group
Mitsui Mining & Smelting
Dowa Metaltech
Nan Ya Plastics
Copper Product Segment Include:
Rods & Wires
Plates & Strips
Tubes
Others
Copper Product Application Include:
Electrical
Transportation
Machinery and Metallurgy
Architecture and Art
Others
Chapter Scope
Chapter 1: Product Research Range, Product Types and Applications, Market Overview, Market Situation and Trends
Chapter 2: Global Copper Capacity and Production Analysis
Chapter 3: Global Copper Industry PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 4: Global Copper Industry Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 5: Global Copper Major Regional Market Size (Revenue, Sales, Price) and Forecast Analysis
Chapter 6: Global Copper Market Size and Forecast by Type and Application Analysis
Chapter 7: North America Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 8: Europe Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 9: China Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 10: APAC (Excl. China) Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 11: Latin America Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 12: Middle East and Africa Copper Competitive Analysis (Market Size, Key Players and Market Share, Product Type and Application Segment Analysis, Countries Analysis)
Chapter 13: Global Copper Competitive Analysis of Key Manufacturers (Sales, Revenue, Market Share, Price, Regional Distribution and Industry Concentration)
Chapter 14: Key Company Profiles (Product Portfolio, Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin)
Chapter 15: Industrial Chain Analysis, Include Raw Material Suppliers, Distributors and Customers
Chapter 16: Research Findings and Conclusion
Chapter 17: Methodology and Data Sources
- 1 Copper Market Overview
- 1.1 Product Definition and Statistical Scope
- 1.2 Copper Product by Type
- 1.2.1 Rods & Wires
- 1.2.2 Plates & Strips
- 1.2.3 Tubes
- 1.2.4 Others
- 1.3 Copper Product by Application
- 1.3.1 Electrical
- 1.3.2 Transportation
- 1.3.3 Machinery and Metallurgy
- 1.3.4 Architecture and Art
- 1.3.5 Others
- 1.4 Global Copper Market Revenue and Sales Analysis
- 1.4.1 Global Copper Revenue Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.2 Global Copper Sales Market Size Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.4.3 Global Copper Market Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 1.5 Copper Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.1 Copper Industry Trends and Innovation
- 1.5.2 Copper Market Drivers and Challenges
- 2 Global Copper Capacity and Production Analysis
- 2.1 Global Copper Capacity, Production and Utilization (2020-2032)
- 2.2 Global Copper Production Growth Trend by Region: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2030
- 2.3 Global Copper Production by Region
- 2.3.1 Global Copper Production by Region (2020-2025)
- 2.3.2 Global Copper Production Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 2.3.3 Global Copper Production Market Share by Region (2020-2032)
- 3 Copper Market PESTEL Analysis
- 3.1 Political Factors Analysis
- 3.2 Economic Factors Analysis
- 3.3 Social Factors Analysis
- 3.4 Technological Factors Analysis
- 3.5 Environmental Factors Analysis
- 3.6 Legal Factors Analysis
- 4 Copper Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.1 Competitive Rivalry
- 4.2 Threat of New Entrants
- 4.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
- 4.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.5 Threat of Substitutes
- 5 Global Copper Market Analysis by Regions
- 5.1 Copper Overall Market: 2024 VS 2025 VS 2032
- 5.2 Global Copper Revenue and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.2.1 Global Copper Revenue and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.2.2 Global Copper Revenue and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.3 Global Copper Sales and Forecast Analysis (2020-2032)
- 5.3.1 Global Copper Sales and Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
- 5.3.2 Global Copper Sales and Market Forecast by Region (2026-2032)
- 5.4 Global Copper Sales Price Trend Analysis (2020-2032)
- 6 Global Copper Market Size by Type and Application
- 6.1 Global Copper Market Size by Type
- 6.1.1 Global Copper Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.1.2 Global Copper Sales and Forecast Analysis by Type (2020-2032)
- 6.2 Global Copper Market Size by Application
- 6.2.1 Global Copper Revenue and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 6.2.2 Global Copper Sales and Forecast Analysis by Application (2020-2032)
- 7 North America
- 7.1 North America Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 7.2 North America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 7.3 North America Copper Market Size by Type
- 7.3.1 North America Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.3.2 North America Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 7.4 North America Copper Market Size by Application
- 7.4.1 North America Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.4.2 North America Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 7.5 North America Copper Market Size by Country
- 7.5.1 US
- 7.5.2 Canada
- 8 Europe
- 8.1 Europe Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 8.2 Europe Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 8.3 Europe Copper Market Size by Type
- 8.3.1 Europe Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.3.2 Europe Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 8.4 Europe Copper Market Size by Application
- 8.4.1 Europe Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.4.2 Europe Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 8.5 Europe Copper Market Size by Country
- 8.5.1 Germany
- 8.5.2 France
- 8.5.3 United Kingdom
- 8.5.4 Italy
- 8.5.5 Spain
- 8.5.6 Benelux
- 9 China
- 9.1 China Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 9.2 China Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 9.3 China Copper Market Size by Type
- 9.3.1 China Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.3.2 China Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 9.4 China Copper Market Size by Application
- 9.4.1 China Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 9.4.2 China Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10 APAC (excl. China)
- 10.1 APAC (excl. China) Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 10.2 APAC (excl. China) Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 10.3 APAC (excl. China) Copper Market Size by Type
- 10.3.1 APAC (excl. China) Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.3.2 APAC (excl. China) Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 10.4 APAC (excl. China) Copper Market Size by Application
- 10.4.1 APAC (excl. China) Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.4.2 APAC (excl. China) Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 10.5 APAC (excl. China) Copper Market Size by Country
- 10.5.1 Japan
- 10.5.2 South Korea
- 10.5.3 India
- 10.5.4 Australia
- 10.5.5 Southeast Asia
- 11 Latin America
- 11.1 Latin America Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 11.2 Latin America Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 1`.3 Latin America Copper Market Size by Type
- 11.3.1 Latin America Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.3.2 Latin America Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 11.4 Latin America Copper Market Size by Application
- 11.4.1 Latin America Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.4.2 Latin America Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 11.5 Latin America Copper Market Size by Country
- 11.6 Latin America Copper Market Size by Country
- 11.6.1 Mexico
- 11.6.2 Brazil
- 12 Middle East & Africa
- 12.1 Middle East & Africa Copper Market Size and Growth Rate Analysis (2020-2032)
- 12.2 Middle East & Africa Key Manufacturers Analysis
- 12.3 Middle East & Africa Copper Market Size by Type
- 12.3.1 Middle East & Africa Copper Sales by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.3.2 Middle East & Africa Copper Revenue by Type (2020-2032)
- 12.4 Middle East & Africa Copper Market Size by Application
- 12.4.1 Middle East & Africa Copper Sales by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.4.2 Middle East & Africa Copper Revenue by Application (2020-2032)
- 12.5 Middle East Copper Market Size by Country
- 12.5.1 Saudi Arabia
- 12.5.2 South Africa
- 13 Competition by Manufacturers
- 13.1 Global Copper Market Sales, Revenue and Price by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.1 Global Copper Market Sales by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.2 Global Copper Market Revenue by Key Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.1.3 Global Copper Average Sales Price by Manufacturers (2021-2025)
- 13.2 Copper Competitive Landscape Analysis and Market Dynamic
- 13.2.1 Copper Competitive Landscape Analysis
- 13.2.2 Global Key Manufacturers Headquarter Location and Key Area Sales
- 13.2.3 Market Dynamic
- 14 Key Companies Analysis
- 14.1 Aurubis
- 14.1.1 Aurubis Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.1.2 Aurubis Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.1.3 Aurubis Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.2 Jiangxi Copper
- 14.2.1 Jiangxi Copper Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.2.2 Jiangxi Copper Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.2.3 Jiangxi Copper Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.3 Golden Dragon
- 14.3.1 Golden Dragon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.3.2 Golden Dragon Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.3.3 Golden Dragon Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.4 Wieland
- 14.4.1 Wieland Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.4.2 Wieland Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.4.3 Wieland Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.5 KME Group
- 14.5.1 KME Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.5.2 KME Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.5.3 KME Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.6 Jintian Group
- 14.6.1 Jintian Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.6.2 Jintian Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.6.3 Jintian Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.7 IUSA
- 14.7.1 IUSA Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.7.2 IUSA Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.7.3 IUSA Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.8 Mueller
- 14.8.1 Mueller Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.8.2 Mueller Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.8.3 Mueller Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.9 Poongsan
- 14.9.1 Poongsan Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.9.2 Poongsan Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.9.3 Poongsan Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.10 TNMG
- 14.10.1 TNMG Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.10.2 TNMG Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.10.3 TNMG Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.11 MKM
- 14.11.1 MKM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.11.2 MKM Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.11.3 MKM Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.12 Mitsubishi Materials
- 14.12.1 Mitsubishi Materials Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.12.2 Mitsubishi Materials Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.12.3 Mitsubishi Materials Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.13 Hailiang Group
- 14.13.1 Hailiang Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.13.2 Hailiang Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.13.3 Hailiang Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.14 Luvata
- 14.14.1 Luvata Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.14.2 Luvata Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.14.3 Luvata Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.15 CHALCO
- 14.15.1 CHALCO Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.15.2 CHALCO Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.15.3 CHALCO Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.16 Jinchuan Group
- 14.16.1 Jinchuan Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.16.2 Jinchuan Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.16.3 Jinchuan Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.17 Anhui Xinke
- 14.17.1 Anhui Xinke Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.17.2 Anhui Xinke Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.17.3 Anhui Xinke Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.18 Marmon
- 14.18.1 Marmon Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.18.2 Marmon Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.18.3 Marmon Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.19 Xingye Copper
- 14.19.1 Xingye Copper Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.19.2 Xingye Copper Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.19.3 Xingye Copper Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.20 KGHM
- 14.20.1 KGHM Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.20.2 KGHM Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.20.3 KGHM Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.21 Furukawa Electric
- 14.21.1 Furukawa Electric Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.21.2 Furukawa Electric Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.21.3 Furukawa Electric Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.22 Diehl Group
- 14.22.1 Diehl Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.22.2 Diehl Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.22.3 Diehl Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.23 HALCOR Group
- 14.23.1 HALCOR Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.23.2 HALCOR Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.23.3 HALCOR Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.24 CNMC
- 14.24.1 CNMC Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.24.2 CNMC Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.24.3 CNMC Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.25 Olin Brass
- 14.25.1 Olin Brass Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.25.2 Olin Brass Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.25.3 Olin Brass Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.26 IBC Advanced Alloy
- 14.26.1 IBC Advanced Alloy Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.26.2 IBC Advanced Alloy Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.26.3 IBC Advanced Alloy Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.27 ChangChun Group
- 14.27.1 ChangChun Group Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.27.2 ChangChun Group Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.27.3 ChangChun Group Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.28 Mitsui Mining & Smelting
- 14.28.1 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.28.2 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.28.3 Mitsui Mining & Smelting Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.29 Dowa Metaltech
- 14.29.1 Dowa Metaltech Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.29.2 Dowa Metaltech Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.29.3 Dowa Metaltech Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 14.30 Nan Ya Plastics
- 14.30.1 Nan Ya Plastics Basic Company Profile (Employees, Areas Service, Competitors and Contact Information)
- 14.30.2 Nan Ya Plastics Copper Product Portfolio
- 14.30.3 Nan Ya Plastics Copper Market Data Analysis (Revenue, Sales, Price, Gross Margin and Market Share) (2021-2025)
- 15 Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.1 Copper Industry Chain Analysis
- 15.2 Copper Industry Raw Material and Suppliers Analysis
- 15.2.1 Copper Key Raw Material Supply Analysis
- 15.2.2 Raw Material Suppliers and Contact Information
- 15.3 Copper Typical Downstream Customers
- 15.4 Copper Sales Channel Analysis
- 16 Research Findings and Conclusion
- 17 Methodology and Data Source
- 17.1 Methodology/Research Approach
- 17.2 Research Scope
- 17.3 Benchmarks and Assumptions
- 17.4 Date Source
- 17.4.1 Primary Sources
- 17.4.2 Secondary Sources
- 17.5 Data Cross Validation
- 17.6 Disclaimer
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