Anthracite, also known as hard coal or black coal, is a high-rank type of coal recognized for its high carbon content and low volatility. With the highest carbon content and lowest impurities among coals, anthracite has the highest energy density, making it the highest-grade coal product.
Compared to other coals like bituminous, lignite, and sub-bituminous, anthracite releases minimal smoke when burned, offering an environmental advantage. It contains over 80% fixed carbon and has a high calorific value, typically between 6000-8000 kcal/kg. This enables long combustion duration and high thermal efficiency, making it suitable for high-temperature and low-pollution applications like industrial boilers, metallurgy, and domestic heating. Its low sulfur and ash content further reduce pollution, cutting costs for desulfurization and dust removal in industrial use.
Anthracite is widely used as a reducing agent in steel and metal smelting, as an additive in foundry molding sand, and as a fuel in cement production. CRI’s analysis highlights its role in the chemical industry, where anthracite is used to produce activated carbon, calcium carbide, and carbon electrodes and to treat wastewater and industrial water. Due to its high density and energy characteristics, power plants often utilize anthracite in high-efficiency power generation. Its smokeless and low-odor properties also make it a preferred fuel for heating and in the catering industry.
The upstream sector for anthracite includes coal mining and transport, often near mining areas, requiring advanced mining technologies and support networks. Downstream sectors span industries such as steel, chemicals, power, cement, and domestic use. CRI notes that China, Russia, Australia, and South Africa are leading global anthracite producers and exporters. Vietnam, however, is heavily dependent on imported anthracite due to limitations in its domestic coal reserves and mining conditions.
In Vietnam, the anthracite market’s demand centers on power generation and industry, which have rapidly expanded in recent years, driving a surge in imports. With accelerated industrialization, the Vietnamese government has actively promoted infrastructure development, expanded the power grid, and added power plants, all of which have further raised energy demand and import volumes. Although Vietnam has coal resources, primarily in Quang Ninh Province, technological constraints and environmental concerns make large-scale extraction and transport challenging, leaving local demand unmet.
CRI data shows that in 2023, Vietnam imported approximately USD 460 million worth of anthracite, and imports from January to August 2024 had already exceeded USD 330 million, indicating steady growth. Vietnam’s anthracite imports are expected to continue increasing in the coming years.
According to CRI, from 2021 to 2024, key anthracite suppliers to Vietnam included Australia, Russia, and Laos, with major exporting companies such as Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd, Xekong Power Plant Company Limited, and SC Kuznetskinveststroy. Vietnam’s main anthracite importers are companies in the steel, minerals, and power generation sectors, including Hoa Phat Dung Quat Steel JSC, Hoanh Son Group JSC, and TECHCOM MINERAL TRADING CO, LTD.
Overall, as Vietnam's economy grows, industrialization advances, and infrastructure improves, anthracite demand will continue expanding. Given Vietnam’s limited anthracite production, CRI anticipates a sustained rise in anthracite imports in the coming years.
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