Ventilators Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2027

Ventilators Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2027

Arizton’s study considers a detailed scenario of the present medical ventilators market and its market dynamics for 2022−2027. It covers a detailed overview of several market growth enablers, restraints, and trends. The report offers both the demand and supply aspects of the market. It profiles and examines leading companies and other prominent ones operating in the market.

The medical ventilators market size is expected to reach USD 1962.22 million by 2027.

MARKET GROWTH ENABLERS

  • Rising Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
  • Growing Demand for Ambulatory & Portable Ventilators
  • Upgrades in Critical Healthcare Infrastructure
KEY HIGHLIGHTS
  • New products launched & advanced technology-based products are driving the global medical ventilators market growth. Computer-based technology has made the current generation of products more physician- and patient-friendly. Synchronized ventilators with volume control and advanced pulmonary graphics are helping patients wean away from ventilators easier with lower side effects.
  • The emerging concept of smart & intelligent ventilation solutions contributes to an increased ventilators market share. For Example, Hamilton made intelligent ventilators with Adaptive Supportive ventilation (ASV). It is automatically synchronized with patient breathing mechanics applying lung protection strategies to minimize risk factors and complications.
  • Rising funding & investment for production is positively impacting product sales. For instance, prototypes were funded with Eur 760,000 from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF).
  • The increasing growth of non-invasive devices across the globe, including COPD patient treatments, has increased the demand in the non-invasive ventilator market.
  • Among the end-users segment, the hospital segment accounted for a significant portion of the acute care ventilators market; due to the significant increase in patient inflow to the hospitals due to various critical problems demanding the usage.
COVID-19 IMPACT

Global ventilator market experienced higher hike during the pandemic period, due to constantly increased spread of SARS-COV-2 across the world demand for the ventilators in primary treatment. / the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has induced a significant change in the ventilator market due to high demand for ventilators in Covid-19 treatments.

GLOBAL VENTILATORS MARKET SEGMENTATION

The ventilator market is segmented into the invasive and non-invasive ventilators. In which invasive segment accounted higher market share and dominated to non-invasive interface segment.

By patient group market is segmented into adult and Paediatric & Neonates, in which adult segment accounted more than 75% market share and stand on first position over the other.

Critical care application segment shows the significant growth in ventilator market over the emergency care, homecare and neonatal care segment.

Standard ventilator used highly accounted in hospitals and intensive care units for acute care, and NICU that drive the high market growth of the segment with more than 60% market share.

Market Segmentation by Interface  
  • Invasive
  • Non-invasive
Market Segmentation by Patient Group
  • Adults
  • Pediatrics & Neonates
Market Segmentation by Application    
  • Critical Care
  • Emergency Care
  • Home Care
  • Neonatal Care
Market Segmentation by Mobility
  • Standard
  • Portable
Market Segmentation by End-user   
  • Hospitals
  • Homecare Settings
  • Emergency Care
  • Others
VENDOR LANDSCAPE
  • Many emerging med-tech companies are posing a threat to global players due to their innovative products and technologies. The industry offers tremendous growth opportunities for existing and future players.
  • Vendors need to develop new devices globally as per the regional requirements instead of focusing on one device.
Key Vendors
  • Koninklijke Philips
  • ResMed Inc
  • Medtronic
  • Hamilton Medical
  • Vyaire Medical
  • GE healthcare
  • Smiths Medical
  • Drägerwerk
  • SCHILLER
Other Prominent Vendors
  • A.B. Industries
  • Abronn FZE
  • Airon Corporation
  • Acutronic Medical System AG
  • Aenomed CO. LTD
  • AgVa Healthcare
  • Air Liquide
  • Avasarala Technologies
  • Axcent Medical
  • Bio Med Devices Inc.
  • Bunnell Incorporated
  • Cardinal Health
  • Deluxe Scientific Surgico
  • Dima Italia SRL
  • Fritz Stephan
  • Getinge
  • Hartwell Medical Corporation
  • HEYER Medical
  • Hill-Rom Service Inc.
  • Löwenstein Medical Innovation
  • MEK-ICS
  • Narang Medical
  • Oceanic Medical Products
  • Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics
  • Shenzhen Landwind Industry
  • Siare Engineering International Group
  • S.I.E.M
  • SI Surgical
  • Skanray Technologies
  • Tecme Corporation
  • Triton Electronic Systems LTD
  • United Hayek Industries Inc.
  • Ventec Life System
GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLOOK

The growing geriatric population, technological innovations in respiratory care devices, improvement in healthcare infrastructure, and increase in private sector investment in healthcare are the major factors driving the ventilators market in APAC.

Market Segmentation by Geography
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • APAC
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • Australia
  • South Korea
  • Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • Argentina
  • Middle East and Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • UAE
  • Iran


1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
3 RESEARCH PROCESS
4 SCOPE & COVERAGE
4.1 MARKET DEFINITION
4.1.1 INCLUSIONS
4.1.2 EXCLUSIONS
4.1.3 MARKET ESTIMATION CAVEATS
4.2 BASE YEAR
4.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
4.3.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHY
5 REPORT ASSUMPTIONS & CAVEATS
5.1 KEY CAVEATS
5.2 CURRENCY CONVERSION
5.3 MARKET DERIVATION
6 MARKET AT A GLANCE
7 INTRODUCTION
7.1 OVERVIEW
8 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES & TRENDS
8.1 COVID-19 SURGE & UNITED MARKET PLAYERS
8.2 NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES BASED ON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
8.3 RISING INVESTMENT IN VENTILATOR PRODUCTION
8.4 EMERGING CONCEPT OF SMART & INTELLIGENT VENTILATION SOLUTIONS
9 MARKET GROWTH ENABLERS
9.1 RISING PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (COPD)
9.2 GROWING DEMAND FOR AMBULATORY & PORTABLE VENTILATORS
9.3 UPGRADES IN CRITICAL HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE
9.4 SURGE IN HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS FOR CRITICAL CARE
10 MARKET RESTRAINTS
10.1 POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES OF ASSIST CONTROL MODE IN VENTILATORS
10.2 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH VENTILATORS
11 MARKET LANDSCAPE
11.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
11.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
11.3 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
11.3.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
11.3.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
11.3.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
11.3.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
11.3.5 COMPETITIVE RIVALRY
12 INTERFACE
12.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
12.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
12.3 INVASIVE
12.3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
12.3.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
12.3.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
12.4 NON-INVASIVE
12.4.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
12.4.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
12.4.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
13 PATIENT GROUP
13.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
13.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
13.3 ADULT
13.3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
13.3.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
13.3.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
13.4 PEDIATRIC & NEONATAL
13.4.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
13.4.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
13.4.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
14 APPLICATION
14.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
14.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
14.3 CRITICAL CARE
14.3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
14.3.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
14.3.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
14.4 EMERGENCY CARE
14.4.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
14.4.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
14.4.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
14.5 HOME CARE
14.5.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
14.5.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
14.5.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
14.6 NEONATAL CARE
14.6.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
14.6.2 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON NEONATAL CARE APPLICATION OF VENTILATORS
14.6.3 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
14.6.4 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
15 MOBILITY
15.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
15.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
15.3 STANDARD
15.3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
15.3.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.3.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
15.4 PORTABLE
15.4.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
15.4.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
15.4.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
16 END USER
16.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
16.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
16.3 HOSPITAL
16.3.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
16.3.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.3.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
16.4 HOMECARE SETTING
16.4.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
16.4.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.4.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
16.5 EMERGENCY CARE
16.5.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
16.5.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.5.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
16.6 OTHERS
16.6.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
16.6.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
16.6.3 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
17 GEOGRAPHY
17.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
17.2 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
18 NORTH AMERICA
18.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
18.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.3 INTERFACE
18.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.4 PATIENT GROUP
18.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.5 APPLICATION
18.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.6 MOBILITY
18.6.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.7 END USER
18.7.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.8 KEY COUNTRIES
18.8.1 US: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
18.8.2 CANADA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19 EUROPE
19.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
19.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.3 INTERFACE
19.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.4 PATIENT GROUP
19.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.5 APPLICATION
19.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.6 MOBILITY
19.6.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.7 END USER
19.7.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.8 KEY COUNTRIES
19.8.1 GERMANY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.8.2 UK: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.8.3 FRANCE: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.8.4 ITALY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
19.8.5 SPAIN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20 APAC
20.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
20.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.3 INTERFACE
20.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.4 PATIENT GROUP
20.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.5 APPLICATION
20.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.6 MOBILITY
20.6.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.7 END USER
20.7.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.8 KEY COUNTRIES
20.8.1 CHINA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.8.2 JAPAN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.8.3 INDIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.8.4 AUSTRALIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
20.8.5 SOUTH KOREA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21 LATIN AMERICA
21.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
21.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.3 INTERFACE
21.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.4 PATIENT GROUP
21.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.5 APPLICATION
21.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.6 MOBILITY
21.6.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.7 END USER
21.7.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.8 KEY COUNTRIES
21.8.1 BRAZIL: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.8.2 MEXICO: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
21.8.3 ARGENTINA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
22.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
22.2 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.3 INTERFACE
22.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.4 PATIENT GROUP
22.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.5 APPLICATION
22.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.6 MOBILITY
22.6.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.7 END USER
22.7.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.8 KEY COUNTRIES
22.8.1 TURKEY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.8.2 SAUDI ARABIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.8.3 SOUTH AFRICA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.8.4 UAE: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
22.8.5 IRAN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
23 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
23.1 COMPETITION OVERVIEW
23.2 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS
23.2.1 HAMILTON MEDICAL
23.2.2 RESMED
23.2.3 MEDTRONIC
23.2.4 VYAIRE MEDICAL
23.2.5 KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS
23.2.6 GE HEALTHCARE
23.2.7 DRÄGERWERK
23.2.8 ICU MEDICAL (SMITHS MEDICAL)
23.2.9 SCHILLER
24 KEY COMPANY PROFILES
24.1 KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS
24.1.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.1.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.1.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.1.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.1.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.2 RESMED
24.2.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.2.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.2.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.2.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.2.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.3 MEDTRONIC
24.3.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.3.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.3.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.3.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.4 HAMILTON MEDICAL
24.4.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.4.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.4.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.4.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.4.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.5 VYAIRE MEDICAL
24.5.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.5.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.5.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.5.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.5.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.6 GE HEALTHCARE
24.6.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.6.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.6.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.6.4 KEY STRENGTHS
24.6.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.7 ICU MEDICAL
24.7.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.7.2 KEY STRENGTHS
24.7.3 KEY STRATEGIES
24.7.4 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.8 DRÄGERWERK
24.8.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.8.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.8.3 KEY STRENGTHS
24.8.4 KEY STRATEGIES
24.8.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
24.9 SCHILLER
24.9.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
24.9.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
24.9.3 KEY STRENGTHS
24.9.4 KEY STRATEGIES
24.9.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
25 OTHER PROMINENT VENDORS
25.1 A.B. INDUSTRIES
25.1.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.1.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.2 ABRONN FZE
25.2.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.2.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.3 AIRON
25.3.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.3.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.4 ACUTRONIC MEDICAL SYSTEMS
25.4.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.4.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.5 AEONMED
25.5.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.5.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.6 AGVA HEALTHCARE
25.6.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.6.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.7 AIR LIQUIDE
25.7.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.7.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.8 AVASARALA TECHNOLOGIES
25.8.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.8.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.9 AXCENT MEDICAL
25.9.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.9.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.10 BIO-MED DEVICES
25.10.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.10.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.11 BUNNELL
25.11.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.11.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.12 CARDINAL HEALTH
25.12.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.12.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.13 DELUXE SCIENTIFIC SURGICO
25.13.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.13.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.14 DIMA ITALIA
25.14.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.14.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.15 FRITZ STEPHAN
25.15.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.15.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.16 GETINGE
25.16.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.16.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.17 HARTWELL MEDICAL
25.17.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.17.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.18 HEYER MEDICAL
25.18.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.18.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.19 HILL-ROM SERVICES
25.19.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.19.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.20 LÖWENSTEIN MEDICAL INNOVATION
25.20.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.20.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.21 MEKICS
25.21.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.21.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.22 NARANG MEDICAL
25.22.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.22.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.23 OCEANIC MEDICAL PRODUCTS
25.23.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.23.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.24 SHENZHEN MINDRAY BIO-MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
25.24.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.24.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.25 SHENZHEN LANDWIND INDUSTRY
25.25.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.25.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.26 SIARE ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL GROUP
25.26.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.26.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.27 S.I.E.M
25.27.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.27.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.28 SI SURGICAL
25.28.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.28.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.29 SKANRAY TECHNOLOGIES
25.29.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.29.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.30 TECME
25.30.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.30.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.31 TRITON ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
25.31.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.31.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.32 UNITED HAYEK INDUSTRIES
25.32.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.32.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
25.33 VENTEC LIFE SYSTEMS
25.33.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
25.33.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
26 REPORT SUMMARY
26.1 KEY TAKEAWAYS
26.2 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS
27 QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY
27.1 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
27.2 MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.2.1 NORTH AMERICA VENTILATORS MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.2.2 EUROPE VENTILATORS MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.2.3 APAC VENTILATORS MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.2.4 LATIN AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.2.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY INTERFACE
27.3 MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.3.1 NORTH AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.3.2 EUROPE VENTILATOR MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.3.3 APAC VENTILATOR MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.3.4 LATIN AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.3.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY PATIENT GROUP
27.4 MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.4.1 NORTH AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.4.2 EUROPE VENTILATOR MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.4.3 APAC VENTILATOR MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.4.4 LATIN AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.4.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY APPLICATION
27.5 MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.5.1 NORTH AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.5.2 EUROPE VENTILATOR MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.5.3 APAC VENTILATOR MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.5.4 LATIN AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.5.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY MOBILITY
27.6 MARKET BY END USER
27.6.1 NORTH AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY END USER
27.6.2 EUROPE VENTILATOR MARKET BY END USER
27.6.3 APAC VENTILATOR MARKET BY END USER
27.6.4 LATIN AMERICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY END USER
27.6.5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VENTILATOR MARKET BY END USER
28 APPENDIX
28.1 ABBREVIATIONS

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