Global Valve Positioners Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030

Global Valve Positioners Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030


A valve positioner is a device that adjusts the valve actuator's position based on a control signal.

Valve positioners compare a control signal to a valve actuator's position and move the actuator accordingly. They are used with both linear valves and rotary valves. Valve positioners are used when the 0.2 to 1 bar pressure in the diaphragm chamber is not able to cope with friction and high differential pressures.

The positioner is fitted to the yoke of the actuator and is linked to the spindle of the actuator by a feedback arm in order to monitor valve position. When a control signal differs from the valve actuator’s position, the valve positioner sends the necessary power to move the actuator until the correct position is reached. This uses a high air supply.

Positioners should be installed if the valve is intended for use in a control application.

According to APO Research, The global Valve Positioners market was estimated at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Global Valve Positioners key players include Emerson, Flowserve, Siemens, etc. Global top three manufacturers hold a share about 35%.

Europe is the largest market, with a share about 20%, followed by North America and China, both have a share about 40 percent.

In terms of product, Pneumatic is the largest segment, with a share over 45%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Oil and Gas, followed by Chemical, Pharmaceutical manufacturing, etc.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Valve Positioners, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Valve Positioners.

The Valve Positioners market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Valve Positioners market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2019-2024. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses. Some of the prominent players reviewed in the research report include:

Emerson
Flowserve
Metso
General Electric
Siemens
ABB
SAMSON AG
Rotork
Azbil
SMC
Baker Hughes
Bürkert
Schneider Electric
GEMU
Yokogawa
Nihon KOSO
Chongqing Chuanyi Automation
IMI STI
JORDAN VALVE
POWER GENEX
YOUNG TECH FRANCE
VRG Controls
Festo
Circor International
ContRoLAir
Crane
Gemu Group
Dwyer Instruments
Valve Related Controls
Power-Genex

Valve Positioners segment by Type

Pneumatic Valve Positioner
Electric Valve Positioner
Digital Valve Positioner

Valve Positioners segment by Application

Oil & Gas
Power
Water & Wastewater
Chemicals
Food & Beverages
Others

Valve Positioners Segment by Region

North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Valve Positioners market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Valve Positioners and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Valve Positioners.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Valve Positioners manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Valve Positioners in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Valve Positioners Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Valve Positioners Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.3 Valve Positioners Market by Type
1.3.1 Pneumatic Valve Positioner
1.3.2 Electric Valve Positioner
1.3.3 Digital Valve Positioner
1.4 Global Valve Positioners Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Valve Positioners Market Size Overview by Type (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Valve Positioners Historic Market Size Review by Type (2019-2024)
1.4.3 Global Valve Positioners Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.2 Europe Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.4 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
2 Global Market Dynamics
2.1 Valve Positioners Industry Trends
2.2 Valve Positioners Industry Drivers
2.3 Valve Positioners Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Valve Positioners Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
3.1 Global Top Players by Valve Positioners Revenue (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Players by Valve Positioners Sales (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Top Players by Valve Positioners Price (2019-2024)
3.4 Global Valve Positioners Industry Company Ranking, 20
22 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.5 Global Valve Positioners Key Company Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Valve Positioners Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Valve Positioners Company Commercialization Time
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Valve Positioners Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and
10 Valve Positioners Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
3.8.3 20
23 Valve Positioners Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Valve Positioners Regional Status and Outlook
4.1 Global Valve Positioners Market Size and CAGR by Region: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Valve Positioners Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Valve Positioners Sales in Volume by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Valve Positioners Sales in Value by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Global Valve Positioners Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3 Global Valve Positioners Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Valve Positioners Sales in Volume by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.2 Global Valve Positioners Sales in Value by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.3 Global Valve Positioners Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2025-2030)
5 Valve Positioners by Application
5.1 Valve Positioners Market by Application
5.1.1 Oil & Gas
5.1.2 Power
5.1.3 Water & Wastewater
5.1.4 Chemicals
5.1.5 Food & Beverages
5.1.6 Others
5.2 Global Valve Positioners Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Valve Positioners Market Size Overview by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Valve Positioners Historic Market Size Review by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Valve Positioners Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Europe Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.4 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Emerson
6.1.1 Emerson Comapny Information
6.1.2 Emerson Business Overview
6.1.3 Emerson Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.1.4 Emerson Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Emerson Recent Developments
6.2 Flowserve
6.2.1 Flowserve Comapny Information
6.2.2 Flowserve Business Overview
6.2.3 Flowserve Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.2.4 Flowserve Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Flowserve Recent Developments
6.3 Metso
6.3.1 Metso Comapny Information
6.3.2 Metso Business Overview
6.3.3 Metso Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.3.4 Metso Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Metso Recent Developments
6.4 General Electric
6.4.1 General Electric Comapny Information
6.4.2 General Electric Business Overview
6.4.3 General Electric Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.4.4 General Electric Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.4.5 General Electric Recent Developments
6.5 Siemens
6.5.1 Siemens Comapny Information
6.5.2 Siemens Business Overview
6.5.3 Siemens Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.5.4 Siemens Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Siemens Recent Developments
6.6 ABB
6.6.1 ABB Comapny Information
6.6.2 ABB Business Overview
6.6.3 ABB Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.6.4 ABB Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.6.5 ABB Recent Developments
6.7 SAMSON AG
6.7.1 SAMSON AG Comapny Information
6.7.2 SAMSON AG Business Overview
6.7.3 SAMSON AG Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.7.4 SAMSON AG Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.7.5 SAMSON AG Recent Developments
6.8 Rotork
6.8.1 Rotork Comapny Information
6.8.2 Rotork Business Overview
6.8.3 Rotork Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.8.4 Rotork Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Rotork Recent Developments
6.9 Azbil
6.9.1 Azbil Comapny Information
6.9.2 Azbil Business Overview
6.9.3 Azbil Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.9.4 Azbil Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Azbil Recent Developments
6.
10 SMC
6.10.1 SMC Comapny Information
6.10.2 SMC Business Overview
6.10.3 SMC Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.10.4 SMC Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.10.5 SMC Recent Developments
6.
11 Baker Hughes
6.11.1 Baker Hughes Comapny Information
6.11.2 Baker Hughes Business Overview
6.11.3 Baker Hughes Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.11.4 Baker Hughes Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Baker Hughes Recent Developments
6.
12 Bürkert
6.12.1 Bürkert Comapny Information
6.12.2 Bürkert Business Overview
6.12.3 Bürkert Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.12.4 Bürkert Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Bürkert Recent Developments
6.
13 Schneider Electric
6.13.1 Schneider Electric Comapny Information
6.13.2 Schneider Electric Business Overview
6.13.3 Schneider Electric Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.13.4 Schneider Electric Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Schneider Electric Recent Developments
6.
14 GEMU
6.14.1 GEMU Comapny Information
6.14.2 GEMU Business Overview
6.14.3 GEMU Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.14.4 GEMU Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.14.5 GEMU Recent Developments
6.
15 Yokogawa
6.15.1 Yokogawa Comapny Information
6.15.2 Yokogawa Business Overview
6.15.3 Yokogawa Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.15.4 Yokogawa Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Yokogawa Recent Developments
6.
16 Nihon KOSO
6.16.1 Nihon KOSO Comapny Information
6.16.2 Nihon KOSO Business Overview
6.16.3 Nihon KOSO Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.16.4 Nihon KOSO Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.16.5 Nihon KOSO Recent Developments
6.
17 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation
6.17.1 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation Comapny Information
6.17.2 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation Business Overview
6.17.3 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.17.4 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Chongqing Chuanyi Automation Recent Developments
6.
18 IMI STI
6.18.1 IMI STI Comapny Information
6.18.2 IMI STI Business Overview
6.18.3 IMI STI Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.18.4 IMI STI Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.18.5 IMI STI Recent Developments
6.
19 JORDAN VALVE
6.19.1 JORDAN VALVE Comapny Information
6.19.2 JORDAN VALVE Business Overview
6.19.3 JORDAN VALVE Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.19.4 JORDAN VALVE Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.19.5 JORDAN VALVE Recent Developments
6.
20 POWER GENEX
6.20.1 POWER GENEX Comapny Information
6.20.2 POWER GENEX Business Overview
6.20.3 POWER GENEX Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.20.4 POWER GENEX Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.20.5 POWER GENEX Recent Developments
6.
21 YOUNG TECH FRANCE
6.21.1 YOUNG TECH FRANCE Comapny Information
6.21.2 YOUNG TECH FRANCE Business Overview
6.21.3 YOUNG TECH FRANCE Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.21.4 YOUNG TECH FRANCE Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.21.5 YOUNG TECH FRANCE Recent Developments
6.
22 VRG Controls
6.22.1 VRG Controls Comapny Information
6.22.2 VRG Controls Business Overview
6.22.3 VRG Controls Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.22.4 VRG Controls Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.22.5 VRG Controls Recent Developments
6.
23 Festo
6.23.1 Festo Comapny Information
6.23.2 Festo Business Overview
6.23.3 Festo Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.23.4 Festo Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.23.5 Festo Recent Developments
6.
24 Circor International
6.24.1 Circor International Comapny Information
6.24.2 Circor International Business Overview
6.24.3 Circor International Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.24.4 Circor International Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.24.5 Circor International Recent Developments
6.
25 ContRoLAir
6.25.1 ContRoLAir Comapny Information
6.25.2 ContRoLAir Business Overview
6.25.3 ContRoLAir Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.25.4 ContRoLAir Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.25.5 ContRoLAir Recent Developments
6.
26 Crane
6.26.1 Crane Comapny Information
6.26.2 Crane Business Overview
6.26.3 Crane Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.26.4 Crane Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.26.5 Crane Recent Developments
6.
27 Gemu Group
6.27.1 Gemu Group Comapny Information
6.27.2 Gemu Group Business Overview
6.27.3 Gemu Group Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.27.4 Gemu Group Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.27.5 Gemu Group Recent Developments
6.
28 Dwyer Instruments
6.28.1 Dwyer Instruments Comapny Information
6.28.2 Dwyer Instruments Business Overview
6.28.3 Dwyer Instruments Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.28.4 Dwyer Instruments Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.28.5 Dwyer Instruments Recent Developments
6.
29 Valve Related Controls
6.29.1 Valve Related Controls Comapny Information
6.29.2 Valve Related Controls Business Overview
6.29.3 Valve Related Controls Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.29.4 Valve Related Controls Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.29.5 Valve Related Controls Recent Developments
6.
30 Power-Genex
6.30.1 Power-Genex Comapny Information
6.30.2 Power-Genex Business Overview
6.30.3 Power-Genex Valve Positioners Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.30.4 Power-Genex Valve Positioners Product Portfolio
6.30.5 Power-Genex Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
7.1 North America Valve Positioners Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Valve Positioners Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.1.2 North America Valve Positioners Sales by Country (2019-2024)
7.1.3 North America Valve Positioners Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
7.2 North America Valve Positioners Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Valve Positioners Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.2.2 North America Valve Positioners Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
7.2.3 North America Valve Positioners Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8 Europe by Country
8.1 Europe Valve Positioners Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Valve Positioners Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.1.2 Europe Valve Positioners Sales by Country (2019-2024)
8.1.3 Europe Valve Positioners Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8.2 Europe Valve Positioners Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Valve Positioners Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.2.2 Europe Valve Positioners Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
8.2.3 Europe Valve Positioners Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
9.1 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales by Country (2019-2024)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Valve Positioners Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10 Latin America by Country
10.1 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales by Country
10.1.1 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.1.2 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales by Country (2019-2024)
10.1.3 Latin America Valve Positioners Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2 Latin America Valve Positioners Market Size by Country
10.2.1 Latin America Valve Positioners Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.2.2 Latin America Valve Positioners Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
10.2.3 Latin America Valve Positioners Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
11.1 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales by Country (2019-2024)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 20
19 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Valve Positioners Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
12.1 Valve Positioners Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Valve Positioners Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Valve Positioners Production Mode & Process
12.2 Valve Positioners Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Valve Positioners Distributors
12.2.3 Valve Positioners Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer

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