Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2020-2031

Summary

Ultrasonic flaw detection is basically a comparative technique. Using appropriate reference standards along with a knowledge of sound wave propagation and generally accepted test procedures, a trained operator identifies specific echo patterns corresponding to the echo response from good parts and from representative flaws. Ultrasonic Flaw Detectors include conventional Ultrasonic Flaw Detector, phased array instruments, TOFD Ultrasonic Flaw Detector etc.

According to APO Research, The global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million by 2031, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.

The US & Canada market for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

Asia-Pacific market for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

The China market for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

Europe market for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

The major global manufacturers of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector include Baker Hughes (GE), Olympus, Sonatest, Sonotron NDT, Karldeutsch, Proceq, Zetec, Kropus and Centurion NDT, etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

In terms of production side, this report researches the Ultrasonic Flaw Detector production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2020 to 2025, and forecast to 2031.

In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the sales of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector by region (region level and country level), by company, by type and by application. from 2020 to 2025 and forecast to 2031.

This report presents an overview of global market for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2020 - 2024, estimates for 2025, and projections of CAGR through 2031.

This report researches the key producers of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Ultrasonic Flaw Detector sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2020 to 2025. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by type and by application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2020 to 2031. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Ultrasonic Flaw Detector sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Segment by Company

Baker Hughes (GE)
Olympus
Sonatest
Sonotron NDT
Karldeutsch
Proceq
Zetec
Kropus
Centurion NDT
Nova Instruments(NDT Systems)
Hitachi Power Solutions
Modsonic
Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation
KJTD
Novotest
Dakota Ultrasonics
Mitech
Siui
Nantong YouLian
Doppler
Suzhou Fuerte
Wuhan Zhongke Innovation
RDM

Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Segment by Type

Conventional Ultrasonic Flaw instruments
Phased Array Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
TOFD Ultrasonic Flaw Detector

Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Segment by Application

Energy
Aerospace
Oil & Gas
Manufacturing and Machinery
Automotive
Railways

Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Segment by Region

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Ultrasonic Flaw Detector market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, production value, capacity, and average price forecasts (2020-2031).
Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector market competition landscape. Including Ultrasonic Flaw Detector manufacturers' output value, output and average price from 2020 to 2025, as well as competition analysis indicators such as origin, product type, application, merger and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7: Production/Production Value of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector by region. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 8: Consumption of Ultrasonic Flaw Detector in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Concluding Insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.4 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market Average Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market Dynamics
2.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Industry Trends
2.2 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Industry Drivers
2.3 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Industry Restraints
3 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market by Manufacturers
3.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.4 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
3.5 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Manufacturers Established Date
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Players Market Share by Production Value in 2024
3.8.3 2024 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market by Type
4.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Type Introduction
4.1.1 Conventional Ultrasonic Flaw instruments
4.1.2 Phased Array Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
4.1.3 TOFD Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
4.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Type
4.2.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Type (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Type
4.3.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Type (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market by Application
5.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Application Introduction
5.1.1 Energy
5.1.2 Aerospace
5.1.3 Oil & Gas
5.1.4 Manufacturing and Machinery
5.1.5 Automotive
5.1.6 Railways
5.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Application
5.2.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
5.2.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Application (2020-2031)
5.2.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Application
5.3.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
5.3.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Application (2020-2031)
5.3.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Baker Hughes (GE)
6.1.1 Baker Hughes (GE) Comapny Information
6.1.2 Baker Hughes (GE) Business Overview
6.1.3 Baker Hughes (GE) Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.1.4 Baker Hughes (GE) Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Baker Hughes (GE) Recent Developments
6.2 Olympus
6.2.1 Olympus Comapny Information
6.2.2 Olympus Business Overview
6.2.3 Olympus Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.2.4 Olympus Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Olympus Recent Developments
6.3 Sonatest
6.3.1 Sonatest Comapny Information
6.3.2 Sonatest Business Overview
6.3.3 Sonatest Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.3.4 Sonatest Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Sonatest Recent Developments
6.4 Sonotron NDT
6.4.1 Sonotron NDT Comapny Information
6.4.2 Sonotron NDT Business Overview
6.4.3 Sonotron NDT Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.4.4 Sonotron NDT Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Sonotron NDT Recent Developments
6.5 Karldeutsch
6.5.1 Karldeutsch Comapny Information
6.5.2 Karldeutsch Business Overview
6.5.3 Karldeutsch Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.5.4 Karldeutsch Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Karldeutsch Recent Developments
6.6 Proceq
6.6.1 Proceq Comapny Information
6.6.2 Proceq Business Overview
6.6.3 Proceq Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.6.4 Proceq Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Proceq Recent Developments
6.7 Zetec
6.7.1 Zetec Comapny Information
6.7.2 Zetec Business Overview
6.7.3 Zetec Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.7.4 Zetec Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Zetec Recent Developments
6.8 Kropus
6.8.1 Kropus Comapny Information
6.8.2 Kropus Business Overview
6.8.3 Kropus Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.8.4 Kropus Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Kropus Recent Developments
6.9 Centurion NDT
6.9.1 Centurion NDT Comapny Information
6.9.2 Centurion NDT Business Overview
6.9.3 Centurion NDT Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.9.4 Centurion NDT Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Centurion NDT Recent Developments
6.10 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems)
6.10.1 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems) Comapny Information
6.10.2 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems) Business Overview
6.10.3 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems) Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.10.4 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems) Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Nova Instruments(NDT Systems) Recent Developments
6.11 Hitachi Power Solutions
6.11.1 Hitachi Power Solutions Comapny Information
6.11.2 Hitachi Power Solutions Business Overview
6.11.3 Hitachi Power Solutions Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.11.4 Hitachi Power Solutions Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Hitachi Power Solutions Recent Developments
6.12 Modsonic
6.12.1 Modsonic Comapny Information
6.12.2 Modsonic Business Overview
6.12.3 Modsonic Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.12.4 Modsonic Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Modsonic Recent Developments
6.13 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation
6.13.1 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation Comapny Information
6.13.2 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation Business Overview
6.13.3 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.13.4 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Ryoden Shonan Electronics Corporation Recent Developments
6.14 KJTD
6.14.1 KJTD Comapny Information
6.14.2 KJTD Business Overview
6.14.3 KJTD Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.14.4 KJTD Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.14.5 KJTD Recent Developments
6.15 Novotest
6.15.1 Novotest Comapny Information
6.15.2 Novotest Business Overview
6.15.3 Novotest Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.15.4 Novotest Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Novotest Recent Developments
6.16 Dakota Ultrasonics
6.16.1 Dakota Ultrasonics Comapny Information
6.16.2 Dakota Ultrasonics Business Overview
6.16.3 Dakota Ultrasonics Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.16.4 Dakota Ultrasonics Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.16.5 Dakota Ultrasonics Recent Developments
6.17 Mitech
6.17.1 Mitech Comapny Information
6.17.2 Mitech Business Overview
6.17.3 Mitech Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.17.4 Mitech Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Mitech Recent Developments
6.18 Siui
6.18.1 Siui Comapny Information
6.18.2 Siui Business Overview
6.18.3 Siui Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.18.4 Siui Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.18.5 Siui Recent Developments
6.19 Nantong YouLian
6.19.1 Nantong YouLian Comapny Information
6.19.2 Nantong YouLian Business Overview
6.19.3 Nantong YouLian Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.19.4 Nantong YouLian Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.19.5 Nantong YouLian Recent Developments
6.20 Doppler
6.20.1 Doppler Comapny Information
6.20.2 Doppler Business Overview
6.20.3 Doppler Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.20.4 Doppler Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.20.5 Doppler Recent Developments
6.21 Suzhou Fuerte
6.21.1 Suzhou Fuerte Comapny Information
6.21.2 Suzhou Fuerte Business Overview
6.21.3 Suzhou Fuerte Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.21.4 Suzhou Fuerte Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.21.5 Suzhou Fuerte Recent Developments
6.22 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation
6.22.1 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Comapny Information
6.22.2 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Business Overview
6.22.3 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.22.4 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.22.5 Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Recent Developments
6.23 RDM
6.23.1 RDM Comapny Information
6.23.2 RDM Business Overview
6.23.3 RDM Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.23.4 RDM Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Product Portfolio
6.23.5 RDM Recent Developments
7 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Region
7.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Region (2020-2031)
7.2.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Region: 2020-2025
7.2.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Forecast by Region: 2026-2031
7.3 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.4 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Region (2020-2031)
7.4.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Region: 2020-2025
7.4.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value by Region (2026-2031)
7.5 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Market Price Analysis by Region (2020-2031)
7.6 Regional Production Value Trends (2020-2031)
7.6.1 North America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.2 Europe Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.3 Asia-Pacific Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.4 South America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.5 Middle East & Africa Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Value (2020-2031)
8 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Region
8.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
8.2.1 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Region (2020-2025)
8.2.2 Global Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Region (2026-2031)
8.3 North America
8.3.1 North America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.3.2 North America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.3.3 U.S.
8.3.4 Canada
8.3.5 Mexico
8.4 Europe
8.4.1 Europe Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.4.2 Europe Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.4.3 Germany
8.4.4 France
8.4.5 U.K.
8.4.6 Italy
8.4.7 Netherlands
8.5 Asia Pacific
8.5.1 Asia Pacific Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.5.2 Asia Pacific Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.5.3 China
8.5.4 Japan
8.5.5 South Korea
8.5.6 Southeast Asia
8.5.7 India
8.5.8 Australia
8.6 South America
8.6.1 South America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.6.2 South America Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.6.3 Brazil
8.6.4 Argentina
8.6.5 Chile
8.6.6 Colombia
8.7 Middle East & Africa
8.7.1 Middle East & Africa Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.7.2 Middle East & Africa Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.7.3 Egypt
8.7.4 South Africa
8.7.5 Israel
8.7.6 Türkiye
8.7.7 GCC Countries
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
9.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Value Chain Analysis
9.1.1 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Key Raw Materials
9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
9.1.4 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Production Mode & Process
9.2 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Sales Channels Analysis
9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
9.2.2 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Distributors
9.2.3 Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Customers
10 Concluding Insights
11 Appendix
11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
11.2 Research Methodology
11.3 Research Process
11.4 Authors List of This Report
11.5 Data Source
11.5.1 Secondary Sources
11.5.2 Primary Sources
11.6 Disclaimer

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