Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2031

Summary

PVA fibers (polyvinyl alcohol) are high-strength and high-modulus fiber taking polyvinyl alcohol as its major raw materials is produced by a special process. It is of high strength, high modulus, acidproof, alkaliproof, abrasion resistance and sunlight resistance which are possessed by PVA fiber.

According to APO Research, The global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) market was estimated at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2026-2031.

North American market for Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Asia-Pacific market for Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Europe market for Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

The major global manufacturers of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) include Wanwei Group, Kuraray, Sinopec-SVW, Xiangwei, Fuwei, Unitika, Shuangxin PVA, Pioneer and STW, etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber).

The Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K MT) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2020-2025. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses.

Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Segment by Company

Wanwei Group
Kuraray
Sinopec-SVW
Xiangwei
Fuwei
Unitika
Shuangxin PVA
Pioneer
STW
Royang
Minifibers Inc.
Rycere

Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Segment by Type

Staple
Filament
Other

Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Segment by Application

Cement Additives
Textile
Non-woven Fabric
Other

Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Segment by Region

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber).
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.


1 Market Overview

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market by Type
1.3.1 Staple
1.3.2 Filament
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Overview by Type (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Historic Market Size Review by Type (2020-2025)
1.4.3 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.2 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.4 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
2 Global Market Dynamics

2.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Trends
2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Drivers
2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company

3.1 Global Top Players by Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Revenue (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Top Players by Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Top Players by Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Price (2020-2025)
3.4 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Industry Company Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
3.5 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Company Establishment Date
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Players Market Share by Revenue in 2024
3.8.3 2023 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Regional Status and Outlook

4.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales in Volume by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales in Value by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.3 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
4.3 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales in Volume by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales in Value by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.3 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2026-2031)
5 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) by Application

5.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market by Application
5.1.1 Cement Additives
5.1.2 Textile
5.1.3 Non-woven Fabric
5.1.4 Other
5.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Overview by Application (2020-2031)
5.2.2 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Historic Market Size Review by Application (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.2 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.4 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6 Company Profiles

6.1 Wanwei Group
6.1.1 Wanwei Group Comapny Information
6.1.2 Wanwei Group Business Overview
6.1.3 Wanwei Group Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.1.4 Wanwei Group Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Wanwei Group Recent Developments
6.2 Kuraray
6.2.1 Kuraray Comapny Information
6.2.2 Kuraray Business Overview
6.2.3 Kuraray Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.2.4 Kuraray Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Kuraray Recent Developments
6.3 Sinopec-SVW
6.3.1 Sinopec-SVW Comapny Information
6.3.2 Sinopec-SVW Business Overview
6.3.3 Sinopec-SVW Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.3.4 Sinopec-SVW Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Sinopec-SVW Recent Developments
6.4 Xiangwei
6.4.1 Xiangwei Comapny Information
6.4.2 Xiangwei Business Overview
6.4.3 Xiangwei Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.4.4 Xiangwei Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Xiangwei Recent Developments
6.5 Fuwei
6.5.1 Fuwei Comapny Information
6.5.2 Fuwei Business Overview
6.5.3 Fuwei Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.5.4 Fuwei Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Fuwei Recent Developments
6.6 Unitika
6.6.1 Unitika Comapny Information
6.6.2 Unitika Business Overview
6.6.3 Unitika Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.6.4 Unitika Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Unitika Recent Developments
6.7 Shuangxin PVA
6.7.1 Shuangxin PVA Comapny Information
6.7.2 Shuangxin PVA Business Overview
6.7.3 Shuangxin PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.7.4 Shuangxin PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Shuangxin PVA Recent Developments
6.8 Pioneer
6.8.1 Pioneer Comapny Information
6.8.2 Pioneer Business Overview
6.8.3 Pioneer Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.8.4 Pioneer Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Pioneer Recent Developments
6.9 STW
6.9.1 STW Comapny Information
6.9.2 STW Business Overview
6.9.3 STW Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.9.4 STW Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.9.5 STW Recent Developments
6.10 Royang
6.10.1 Royang Comapny Information
6.10.2 Royang Business Overview
6.10.3 Royang Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.10.4 Royang Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Royang Recent Developments
6.11 Minifibers Inc.
6.11.1 Minifibers Inc. Comapny Information
6.11.2 Minifibers Inc. Business Overview
6.11.3 Minifibers Inc. Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.11.4 Minifibers Inc. Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Minifibers Inc. Recent Developments
6.12 Rycere
6.12.1 Rycere Comapny Information
6.12.2 Rycere Business Overview
6.12.3 Rycere Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.12.4 Rycere Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Rycere Recent Developments
7 North America by Country

7.1 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.1.2 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
7.1.3 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
7.2 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.2.2 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
7.2.3 North America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8 Europe by Country

8.1 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.1.2 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8.2 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.2.2 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Europe Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country

9.1 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10 South America by Country

10.1 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country
10.1.1 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.1.2 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
10.1.3 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10.2 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country
10.2.1 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.2.2 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
10.2.3 South America Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country

11.1 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis

12.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Production Mode & Process
12.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Distributors
12.2.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (Vinylon Fiber) Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix

14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer

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