Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2020-2031

Summary

Polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (PIBSA) is lubricant additive intermediate which can further react to provide functional and performance products used in the oil, fuel, lubes, mining, coatings, personal care, pigments, dyes and polymers sectors. It can be prepared by the reaction of polyalkenes, generally polyisobutene, with maleic anhydride.

According to APO Research, The global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2025 to US$ million by 2031, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.

The US & Canada market for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

Asia-Pacific market for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

The China market for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

Europe market for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2031.

The major global manufacturers of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) include Lubrizol, Infineum, Chevron, Afton, Clariant, Orica, Pentagon (Vertellus), Dover Chemical and ISCA, etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

In terms of production side, this report researches the Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2020 to 2025, and forecast to 2031.

In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the sales of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) by region (region level and country level), by company, by type and by application. from 2020 to 2025 and forecast to 2031.

This report presents an overview of global market for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA), capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2020 - 2024, estimates for 2025, and projections of CAGR through 2031.

This report researches the key producers of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA), also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA), and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2020 to 2025. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by type and by application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2020 to 2031. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Segment by Company

Lubrizol
Infineum
Chevron
Afton
Clariant
Orica
Pentagon (Vertellus)
Dover Chemical
ISCA
Italmatch Chemicals
Tianhe Chemical
Jinzhou Kangtai
CNPC Jinzhou
Wuxi Nanfang Oil
Anneng Chemical

Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Segment by Process
Thermal Process
Chlorinated Alkylation Process

Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Segment by Application

Polyisobutylene Succinimide
Emulsifying Agents
Others

Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Segment by Region

North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Sweden
Poland
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Taiwan
Southeast Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
Israel
Türkiye
GCC Countries

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA).
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) market, including product definition, global market growth prospects, production value, capacity, and average price forecasts (2020-2031).
Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) market competition landscape. Including Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) manufacturers' output value, output and average price from 2020 to 2025, as well as competition analysis indicators such as origin, product type, application, merger and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7: Production/Production Value of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) by region. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 8: Consumption of Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 9: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 10: Concluding Insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.4 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market Average Price (2020-2031)
1.3 Assumptions and Limitations
1.4 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market Dynamics
2.1 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Industry Trends
2.2 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Industry Drivers
2.3 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Industry Restraints
3 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market by Manufacturers
3.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Average Price by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
3.4 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Industry Manufacturers Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
3.5 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Manufacturers Established Date
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Players Market Share by Production Value in 2024
3.8.3 2024 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market by Type
4.1 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Type Introduction
4.1.1 Thermal Process
4.1.2 Chlorinated Alkylation Process
4.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Type
4.2.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.2.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Type (2020-2031)
4.2.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
4.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Type
4.3.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
4.3.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Type (2020-2031)
4.3.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value Market Share by Type (2020-2031)
5 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market by Application
5.1 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Application Introduction
5.1.1 Polyisobutylene Succinimide
5.1.2 Emulsifying Agents
5.1.3 Others
5.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Application
5.2.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
5.2.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Application (2020-2031)
5.2.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
5.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Application
5.3.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
5.3.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Application (2020-2031)
5.3.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value Market Share by Application (2020-2031)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Lubrizol
6.1.1 Lubrizol Comapny Information
6.1.2 Lubrizol Business Overview
6.1.3 Lubrizol Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.1.4 Lubrizol Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Lubrizol Recent Developments
6.2 Infineum
6.2.1 Infineum Comapny Information
6.2.2 Infineum Business Overview
6.2.3 Infineum Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.2.4 Infineum Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Infineum Recent Developments
6.3 Chevron
6.3.1 Chevron Comapny Information
6.3.2 Chevron Business Overview
6.3.3 Chevron Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.3.4 Chevron Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Chevron Recent Developments
6.4 Afton
6.4.1 Afton Comapny Information
6.4.2 Afton Business Overview
6.4.3 Afton Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.4.4 Afton Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Afton Recent Developments
6.5 Clariant
6.5.1 Clariant Comapny Information
6.5.2 Clariant Business Overview
6.5.3 Clariant Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.5.4 Clariant Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Clariant Recent Developments
6.6 Orica
6.6.1 Orica Comapny Information
6.6.2 Orica Business Overview
6.6.3 Orica Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.6.4 Orica Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Orica Recent Developments
6.7 Pentagon (Vertellus)
6.7.1 Pentagon (Vertellus) Comapny Information
6.7.2 Pentagon (Vertellus) Business Overview
6.7.3 Pentagon (Vertellus) Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.7.4 Pentagon (Vertellus) Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Pentagon (Vertellus) Recent Developments
6.8 Dover Chemical
6.8.1 Dover Chemical Comapny Information
6.8.2 Dover Chemical Business Overview
6.8.3 Dover Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.8.4 Dover Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Dover Chemical Recent Developments
6.9 ISCA
6.9.1 ISCA Comapny Information
6.9.2 ISCA Business Overview
6.9.3 ISCA Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.9.4 ISCA Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.9.5 ISCA Recent Developments
6.10 Italmatch Chemicals
6.10.1 Italmatch Chemicals Comapny Information
6.10.2 Italmatch Chemicals Business Overview
6.10.3 Italmatch Chemicals Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.10.4 Italmatch Chemicals Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Italmatch Chemicals Recent Developments
6.11 Tianhe Chemical
6.11.1 Tianhe Chemical Comapny Information
6.11.2 Tianhe Chemical Business Overview
6.11.3 Tianhe Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.11.4 Tianhe Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Tianhe Chemical Recent Developments
6.12 Jinzhou Kangtai
6.12.1 Jinzhou Kangtai Comapny Information
6.12.2 Jinzhou Kangtai Business Overview
6.12.3 Jinzhou Kangtai Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.12.4 Jinzhou Kangtai Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Jinzhou Kangtai Recent Developments
6.13 CNPC Jinzhou
6.13.1 CNPC Jinzhou Comapny Information
6.13.2 CNPC Jinzhou Business Overview
6.13.3 CNPC Jinzhou Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.13.4 CNPC Jinzhou Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.13.5 CNPC Jinzhou Recent Developments
6.14 Wuxi Nanfang Oil
6.14.1 Wuxi Nanfang Oil Comapny Information
6.14.2 Wuxi Nanfang Oil Business Overview
6.14.3 Wuxi Nanfang Oil Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.14.4 Wuxi Nanfang Oil Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.14.5 Wuxi Nanfang Oil Recent Developments
6.15 Anneng Chemical
6.15.1 Anneng Chemical Comapny Information
6.15.2 Anneng Chemical Business Overview
6.15.3 Anneng Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production, Value and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.15.4 Anneng Chemical Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Anneng Chemical Recent Developments
7 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Region
7.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Region (2020-2031)
7.2.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Region: 2020-2025
7.2.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Forecast by Region: 2026-2031
7.3 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.4 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Region (2020-2031)
7.4.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Region: 2020-2025
7.4.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value by Region (2026-2031)
7.5 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Market Price Analysis by Region (2020-2031)
7.6 Regional Production Value Trends (2020-2031)
7.6.1 North America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.2 Europe Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.3 Asia-Pacific Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.4 South America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value (2020-2031)
7.6.5 Middle East & Africa Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Value (2020-2031)
8 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Region
8.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Region (2020-2031)
8.2.1 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Region (2020-2025)
8.2.2 Global Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Region (2026-2031)
8.3 North America
8.3.1 North America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.3.2 North America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.3.3 U.S.
8.3.4 Canada
8.3.5 Mexico
8.4 Europe
8.4.1 Europe Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.4.2 Europe Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.4.3 Germany
8.4.4 France
8.4.5 U.K.
8.4.6 Italy
8.4.7 Netherlands
8.5 Asia Pacific
8.5.1 Asia Pacific Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.5.2 Asia Pacific Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.5.3 China
8.5.4 Japan
8.5.5 South Korea
8.5.6 Southeast Asia
8.5.7 India
8.5.8 Australia
8.6 South America
8.6.1 South America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.6.2 South America Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.6.3 Brazil
8.6.4 Argentina
8.6.5 Chile
8.6.6 Colombia
8.7 Middle East & Africa
8.7.1 Middle East & Africa Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.7.2 Middle East & Africa Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Consumption by Country (2020-2031)
8.7.3 Egypt
8.7.4 South Africa
8.7.5 Israel
8.7.6 Türkiye
8.7.7 GCC Countries
9 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
9.1 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Value Chain Analysis
9.1.1 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Key Raw Materials
9.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
9.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
9.1.4 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Production Mode & Process
9.2 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Sales Channels Analysis
9.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
9.2.2 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Distributors
9.2.3 Polyisobutenyl Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) Customers
10 Concluding Insights
11 Appendix
11.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
11.2 Research Methodology
11.3 Research Process
11.4 Authors List of This Report
11.5 Data Source
11.5.1 Secondary Sources
11.5.2 Primary Sources
11.6 Disclaimer

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