Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030

Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030


Summary

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. This is achieved by adding a periodic variation to the refractive index of the fiber core, which generates a wavelength specific dielectric mirror. An FBG is an invisible reflector inside the core of the fiber that is set to a specific wavelength of light. When the fiber where the FBG is located is exposed to strain or temperature, the FBG’s “center wavelength” shifts to a higher or lower wavelength. The direction and magnitude of the shift is proportional to the change in strain or temperature.
A fiber Bragg grating can therefore be used as an inline optical filter to block certain wavelengths, or as a wavelength-specific reflector. Fiber Bragg Gratings are made by laterally exposing the core of a single-mode fiber to a periodic pattern of intense ultraviolet light. The exposure produces a permanent increase in the refractive index of the fiber's core, creating a fixed index modulation according to the exposure pattern. This fixed index modulation is called a grating. At each periodic refraction change a small amount of light is reflected. All the reflected light signals combine coherently to one large reflection at a particular wavelength when the grating period is approximately half the input light's wavelength. This is referred to as the Bragg condition, and the wavelength at which this reflection occurs is called the Bragg wavelength. In a FBG, the refractive index of the core is periodically modulated along the fiber’s main axis. The period of the modulation ranges typically from a few hundred nanometers to a few microns. When light is launched into a FBG, it experiences a certain amount of scattering at each grating plane. Most of the scattered light becomes more and more out-of-phase and eventually decays due to deconstructive interference. If the Bragg condition is satisfied for one of the colors of the input light, then a sharp reflected peak is observed in the backward direction with a center wavelength determined by the grating’s parameters.

According to APO Research, The global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) market was estimated at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

North American market for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.

Asia-Pacific market for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.

Europe market for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.

The major global manufacturers of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) include Micron Optics, Proximion AB, HBM FiberSensing, ITF Technologies Inc, FBGS Technologies GmbH, Technica, iXFiber, Smart Fibres Limited and fos4x, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG).
The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Units) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2019-2024. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses. Some of the prominent players reviewed in the research report include:

Micron Optics
Proximion AB
HBM FiberSensing
ITF Technologies Inc
FBGS Technologies GmbH
Technica
iXFiber
Smart Fibres Limited
fos4x
Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH
Wuhan Ligong Guangke
TeraXion
FBG Korea
GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S)
Alnair Labs Corporation
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) segment by Type

Fiber Bragg Grating Filter
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
Other
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) segment by Application

Optical Communication
Aerospace Applications
Energy Industry
Transportation
Geo-Technical &Civil Engineering
Other
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) by Distribution Channel

North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG).
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.3 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market by Type
1.3.1 Fiber Bragg Grating Filter
1.3.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Overview by Type (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Historic Market Size Review by Type (2019-2024)
1.4.3 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.2 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.4 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
2 Global Market Dynamics
2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Industry Trends
2.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Industry Drivers
2.3 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
3.1 Global Top Players by Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Revenue (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Players by Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Top Players by Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Price (2019-2024)
3.4 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Industry Company Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.5 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Key Company Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Company Commercialization Time
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
3.8.3 2023 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Regional Status and Outlook
4.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales in Volume by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales in Value by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales in Volume by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales in Value by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.3 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2025-2030)
5 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) by Application
5.1 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market by Application
5.1.1 Optical Communication
5.1.2 Aerospace Applications
5.1.3 Energy Industry
5.1.4 Transportation
5.1.5 Geo-Technical &Civil Engineering
5.1.6 Other
5.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Overview by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Historic Market Size Review by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.4 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Micron Optics
6.1.1 Micron Optics Comapny Information
6.1.2 Micron Optics Business Overview
6.1.3 Micron Optics Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.1.4 Micron Optics Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Micron Optics Recent Developments
6.2 Proximion AB
6.2.1 Proximion AB Comapny Information
6.2.2 Proximion AB Business Overview
6.2.3 Proximion AB Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.2.4 Proximion AB Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Proximion AB Recent Developments
6.3 HBM FiberSensing
6.3.1 HBM FiberSensing Comapny Information
6.3.2 HBM FiberSensing Business Overview
6.3.3 HBM FiberSensing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.3.4 HBM FiberSensing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.3.5 HBM FiberSensing Recent Developments
6.4 ITF Technologies Inc
6.4.1 ITF Technologies Inc Comapny Information
6.4.2 ITF Technologies Inc Business Overview
6.4.3 ITF Technologies Inc Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.4.4 ITF Technologies Inc Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.4.5 ITF Technologies Inc Recent Developments
6.5 FBGS Technologies GmbH
6.5.1 FBGS Technologies GmbH Comapny Information
6.5.2 FBGS Technologies GmbH Business Overview
6.5.3 FBGS Technologies GmbH Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.5.4 FBGS Technologies GmbH Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.5.5 FBGS Technologies GmbH Recent Developments
6.6 Technica
6.6.1 Technica Comapny Information
6.6.2 Technica Business Overview
6.6.3 Technica Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.6.4 Technica Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Technica Recent Developments
6.7 iXFiber
6.7.1 iXFiber Comapny Information
6.7.2 iXFiber Business Overview
6.7.3 iXFiber Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.7.4 iXFiber Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.7.5 iXFiber Recent Developments
6.8 Smart Fibres Limited
6.8.1 Smart Fibres Limited Comapny Information
6.8.2 Smart Fibres Limited Business Overview
6.8.3 Smart Fibres Limited Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.8.4 Smart Fibres Limited Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Smart Fibres Limited Recent Developments
6.9 fos4x
6.9.1 fos4x Comapny Information
6.9.2 fos4x Business Overview
6.9.3 fos4x Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.9.4 fos4x Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.9.5 fos4x Recent Developments
6.10 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH
6.10.1 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH Comapny Information
6.10.2 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH Business Overview
6.10.3 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.10.4 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Advanced Optics Solutions GmbH Recent Developments
6.11 Wuhan Ligong Guangke
6.11.1 Wuhan Ligong Guangke Comapny Information
6.11.2 Wuhan Ligong Guangke Business Overview
6.11.3 Wuhan Ligong Guangke Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.11.4 Wuhan Ligong Guangke Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.11.5 Wuhan Ligong Guangke Recent Developments
6.12 TeraXion
6.12.1 TeraXion Comapny Information
6.12.2 TeraXion Business Overview
6.12.3 TeraXion Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.12.4 TeraXion Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.12.5 TeraXion Recent Developments
6.13 FBG Korea
6.13.1 FBG Korea Comapny Information
6.13.2 FBG Korea Business Overview
6.13.3 FBG Korea Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.13.4 FBG Korea Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.13.5 FBG Korea Recent Developments
6.14 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S)
6.14.1 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S) Comapny Information
6.14.2 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S) Business Overview
6.14.3 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S) Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.14.4 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S) Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.14.5 GEOPTEX bvba (FOS&S) Recent Developments
6.15 Alnair Labs Corporation
6.15.1 Alnair Labs Corporation Comapny Information
6.15.2 Alnair Labs Corporation Business Overview
6.15.3 Alnair Labs Corporation Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.15.4 Alnair Labs Corporation Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Alnair Labs Corporation Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
7.1 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.1.2 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
7.1.3 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
7.2 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.2.2 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
7.2.3 North America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8 Europe by Country
8.1 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.1.2 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
8.1.3 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8.2 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.2.2 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
8.2.3 Europe Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
9.1 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10 Latin America by Country
10.1 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country
10.1.1 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.1.2 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
10.1.3 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country
10.2.1 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.2.2 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
10.2.3 Latin America Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
11.1 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales by Country (2019-2024)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
12.1 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Production Mode & Process
12.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Distributors
12.2.3 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer

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