Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Growth and Trends Forecast to 2031

Summary

Common Mode Choke Coils, as the name implies, are designed to attenuate and filter common mode noise within an electric system. It’s a passive device consisting of two wire coils wound on a magnetic core that block (choke) signals common to both lines in the device while being a low impedance to signals that are unique to one line or the other in the device. Common mode relates to both wires being wound as coils on the core. Due to the transformer-like coupling effects that occur in such a configuration, a common mode choke passes through differential signals or signals that are the same amplitude but opposite polarity, but choke common mode signals. Common mode signals are signals that appear on both inputs or outputs simultaneously of the same level and polarity, like electromagnetic interference (EMI). Such signals will cancel each other out in this configuration.

The key parameters for a common mode choke are the current rating (to ensure the part does not overheat within the application), the impedance versus frequency (to ensure it is optimized to attenuate the desired frequencies), the isolation voltage (to ensure it meets board level requirements between the line and neutral phases) and safety isolation (to ensure it meets the safety requirements of the end-application).

According to APO Research, The global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) market was estimated at US$ million in 2025 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2031, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2026-2031.

North American market for Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Asia-Pacific market for Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

Europe market for Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) is estimated to increase from $ million in 2025 to reach $ million by 2031, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2026 through 2031.

The major global manufacturers of Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) include Murata, TDK, Chilisin, TAIYO YUDEN, Cyntec, Sunlord Electronics, Vishay, TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic and Sumida, etc. In 2024, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

Report Scope


This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC).

The Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Million Pcs) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. This report segments the global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights


In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2020-2025. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses.


Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Segment by Company


Murata

TDK

Chilisin

TAIYO YUDEN

Cyntec

Sunlord Electronics

Vishay

TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic

Sumida

TABUCHI ELECTRIC

TAMURA CORPORATION

Hitachi Metals

Pulse Electronics

Coilcraft

Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation

Bourns

AVX Corporation

Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Segment by Type


SMD Common Mode Choke Coils

Through Hole Common Mode Choke Coils

Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Segment by Application


Consumer Electronics

Communication

Household Appliances

Automotive

Industrial

Others

Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Segment by Region


North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

U.K.

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Sweden

Poland

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

South Korea

India

Australia

Taiwan

Southeast Asia

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

Middle East & Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Israel

Türkiye

GCC Countries

Key Drivers & Barriers


High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC).
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.

Please Note: Single-User license will be delivered via PDF from the publisher without the rights to print or to edit.


1 Market Overview

1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.2.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2020-2031)
1.3 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market by Type
1.3.1 SMD Common Mode Choke Coils
1.3.2 Through Hole Common Mode Choke Coils
1.4 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Overview by Type (2020-2031)
1.4.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Historic Market Size Review by Type (2020-2025)
1.4.3 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.2 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.4 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Type (2020-2025)
2 Global Market Dynamics

2.1 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Trends
2.2 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Drivers
2.3 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company

3.1 Global Top Players by Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Revenue (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Top Players by Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales (2020-2025)
3.3 Global Top Players by Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Price (2020-2025)
3.4 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Industry Company Ranking, 2023 VS 2024 VS 2025
3.5 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Major Company Production Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Company Establishment Date
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Players Market Share by Revenue in 2024
3.8.3 2023 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Regional Status and Outlook

4.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
4.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales in Volume by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales in Value by Region (2020-2025)
4.2.3 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
4.3 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales in Volume by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales in Value by Region (2026-2031)
4.3.3 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2026-2031)
5 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) by Application

5.1 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market by Application
5.1.1 Consumer Electronics
5.1.2 Communication
5.1.3 Household Appliances
5.1.4 Automotive
5.1.5 Industrial
5.1.6 Others
5.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Overview by Application (2020-2031)
5.2.2 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Historic Market Size Review by Application (2020-2025)
5.2.3 Global Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.2 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.4 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Breakdown by Application (2020-2025)
6 Company Profiles

6.1 Murata
6.1.1 Murata Comapny Information
6.1.2 Murata Business Overview
6.1.3 Murata Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.1.4 Murata Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Murata Recent Developments
6.2 TDK
6.2.1 TDK Comapny Information
6.2.2 TDK Business Overview
6.2.3 TDK Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.2.4 TDK Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.2.5 TDK Recent Developments
6.3 Chilisin
6.3.1 Chilisin Comapny Information
6.3.2 Chilisin Business Overview
6.3.3 Chilisin Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.3.4 Chilisin Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Chilisin Recent Developments
6.4 TAIYO YUDEN
6.4.1 TAIYO YUDEN Comapny Information
6.4.2 TAIYO YUDEN Business Overview
6.4.3 TAIYO YUDEN Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.4.4 TAIYO YUDEN Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.4.5 TAIYO YUDEN Recent Developments
6.5 Cyntec
6.5.1 Cyntec Comapny Information
6.5.2 Cyntec Business Overview
6.5.3 Cyntec Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.5.4 Cyntec Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Cyntec Recent Developments
6.6 Sunlord Electronics
6.6.1 Sunlord Electronics Comapny Information
6.6.2 Sunlord Electronics Business Overview
6.6.3 Sunlord Electronics Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.6.4 Sunlord Electronics Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Sunlord Electronics Recent Developments
6.7 Vishay
6.7.1 Vishay Comapny Information
6.7.2 Vishay Business Overview
6.7.3 Vishay Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.7.4 Vishay Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Vishay Recent Developments
6.8 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic
6.8.1 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic Comapny Information
6.8.2 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic Business Overview
6.8.3 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.8.4 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.8.5 TAI-TECH Advanced Electronic Recent Developments
6.9 Sumida
6.9.1 Sumida Comapny Information
6.9.2 Sumida Business Overview
6.9.3 Sumida Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.9.4 Sumida Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Sumida Recent Developments
6.10 TABUCHI ELECTRIC
6.10.1 TABUCHI ELECTRIC Comapny Information
6.10.2 TABUCHI ELECTRIC Business Overview
6.10.3 TABUCHI ELECTRIC Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.10.4 TABUCHI ELECTRIC Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.10.5 TABUCHI ELECTRIC Recent Developments
6.11 TAMURA CORPORATION
6.11.1 TAMURA CORPORATION Comapny Information
6.11.2 TAMURA CORPORATION Business Overview
6.11.3 TAMURA CORPORATION Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.11.4 TAMURA CORPORATION Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.11.5 TAMURA CORPORATION Recent Developments
6.12 Hitachi Metals
6.12.1 Hitachi Metals Comapny Information
6.12.2 Hitachi Metals Business Overview
6.12.3 Hitachi Metals Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.12.4 Hitachi Metals Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Hitachi Metals Recent Developments
6.13 Pulse Electronics
6.13.1 Pulse Electronics Comapny Information
6.13.2 Pulse Electronics Business Overview
6.13.3 Pulse Electronics Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.13.4 Pulse Electronics Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Pulse Electronics Recent Developments
6.14 Coilcraft
6.14.1 Coilcraft Comapny Information
6.14.2 Coilcraft Business Overview
6.14.3 Coilcraft Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.14.4 Coilcraft Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.14.5 Coilcraft Recent Developments
6.15 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation
6.15.1 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation Comapny Information
6.15.2 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation Business Overview
6.15.3 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.15.4 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation Recent Developments
6.16 Bourns
6.16.1 Bourns Comapny Information
6.16.2 Bourns Business Overview
6.16.3 Bourns Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.16.4 Bourns Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.16.5 Bourns Recent Developments
6.17 AVX Corporation
6.17.1 AVX Corporation Comapny Information
6.17.2 AVX Corporation Business Overview
6.17.3 AVX Corporation Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
6.17.4 AVX Corporation Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Product Portfolio
6.17.5 AVX Corporation Recent Developments
7 North America by Country

7.1 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.1.2 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
7.1.3 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
7.2 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.2.2 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
7.2.3 North America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8 Europe by Country

8.1 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.1.2 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
8.1.3 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
8.2 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.2.2 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
8.2.3 Europe Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country

9.1 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10 South America by Country

10.1 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country
10.1.1 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.1.2 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
10.1.3 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
10.2 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country
10.2.1 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.2.2 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
10.2.3 South America Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country

11.1 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales by Country (2020-2025)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Market Size Forecast by Country (2026-2031)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis

12.1 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Production Mode & Process
12.2 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Distributors
12.2.3 Common Mode Choke Coils (CMCC) Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix

14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer

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