Global Automotive Coolant Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030

Global Automotive Coolant Market Size, Manufacturers, Opportunities and Forecast to 2030


Summary

Automotive coolant, also known as antifreeze, is a liquid substance that circulates through an internal combustion engine and draws off excessive heat. The two most common chemicals used for this are ethylene and propylene glycol, both of which have lower freezing points than water (32° Fahrenheit or 0° Celsius). This allows the chemicals to flow freely even under cold winter conditions. Automotive Coolant also has a higher boiling point than pure water, which makes it ideal for summer use as well.
According to APO Research, The global Automotive Coolant market was estimated at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach a revised size of US$ million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
North American market for Automotive Coolant is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Automotive Coolant is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
Europe market for Automotive Coolant is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
The major global manufacturers of Automotive Coolant include Prestone, Shell, Exxon Mobil, Castrol, Total, CCI, BASF, Old World Industries and Valvoline, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.

Report Scope

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Coolant, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automotive Coolant.
The Automotive Coolant market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (K Liters) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Automotive Coolant market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided. For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

In this section, the readers will gain an understanding of the key players competing. This report has studied the key growth strategies, such as innovative trends and developments, intensification of product portfolio, mergers and acquisitions, collaborations, new product innovation, and geographical expansion, undertaken by these participants to maintain their presence. Apart from business strategies, the study includes current developments and key financials. The readers will also get access to the data related to global revenue, price, and sales by manufacturers for the period 2019-2024. This all-inclusive report will certainly serve the clients to stay updated and make effective decisions in their businesses. Some of the prominent players reviewed in the research report include:

Prestone
Shell
Exxon Mobil
Castrol
Total
CCI
BASF
Old World Industries
Valvoline
Sinopec
CNPC
Lanzhou BlueStar
Zhongkun Petrochemical
KMCO
Chevron
China-TEEC
Guangdong Delian
SONAX
Getz Nordic
Kost USA
Amsoil
Recochem
MITAN
Gulf Oil International
Paras Lubricants
Solar Applied Materials
Pentosin
Millers Oils
Evans
ABRO
Automotive Coolant segment by Type

Ethylene Glycol Coolant
Propylene Glycol Coolant
Other
Automotive Coolant segment by Application

Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Automotive Coolant Segment by Region

North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE

Key Drivers & Barriers

High-impact rendering factors and drivers have been studied in this report to aid the readers to understand the general development. Moreover, the report includes restraints and challenges that may act as stumbling blocks on the way of the players. This will assist the users to be attentive and make informed decisions related to business. Specialists have also laid their focus on the upcoming business prospects.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Automotive Coolant market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Automotive Coolant and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Automotive Coolant.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Automotive Coolant manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Sales, revenue of Automotive Coolant in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter 5: Introduces market segments by application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter 12: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics.
Chapter 13: Concluding Insights of the report.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.2.1 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.2.2 Global Automotive Coolant Sales Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.3 Automotive Coolant Market by Type
1.3.1 Ethylene Glycol Coolant
1.3.2 Propylene Glycol Coolant
1.3.3 Other
1.4 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size by Type
1.4.1 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size Overview by Type (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Coolant Historic Market Size Review by Type (2019-2024)
1.4.3 Global Automotive Coolant Forecasted Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
1.5 Key Regions Market Size by Type
1.5.1 North America Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.2 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.4 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
1.5.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Type (2019-2024)
2 Global Market Dynamics
2.1 Automotive Coolant Industry Trends
2.2 Automotive Coolant Industry Drivers
2.3 Automotive Coolant Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Automotive Coolant Industry Restraints
3 Market Competitive Landscape by Company
3.1 Global Top Players by Automotive Coolant Revenue (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Top Players by Automotive Coolant Sales (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Top Players by Automotive Coolant Price (2019-2024)
3.4 Global Automotive Coolant Industry Company Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.5 Global Automotive Coolant Key Company Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
3.6 Global Automotive Coolant Company, Product Type & Application
3.7 Global Automotive Coolant Company Commercialization Time
3.8 Market Competitive Analysis
3.8.1 Global Automotive Coolant Market CR5 and HHI
3.8.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Automotive Coolant Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
3.8.3 2023 Automotive Coolant Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Automotive Coolant Regional Status and Outlook
4.1 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Automotive Coolant Historic Market Size by Region
4.2.1 Global Automotive Coolant Sales in Volume by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Automotive Coolant Sales in Value by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Global Automotive Coolant Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
4.3 Global Automotive Coolant Forecasted Market Size by Region
4.3.1 Global Automotive Coolant Sales in Volume by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.2 Global Automotive Coolant Sales in Value by Region (2025-2030)
4.3.3 Global Automotive Coolant Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2025-2030)
5 Automotive Coolant by Application
5.1 Automotive Coolant Market by Application
5.1.1 Passenger Vehicle
5.1.2 Commercial Vehicle
5.2 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size by Application
5.2.1 Global Automotive Coolant Market Size Overview by Application (2019-2030)
5.2.2 Global Automotive Coolant Historic Market Size Review by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Automotive Coolant Forecasted Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
5.3 Key Regions Market Size by Application
5.3.1 North America Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.4 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales Breakdown by Application (2019-2024)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Prestone
6.1.1 Prestone Comapny Information
6.1.2 Prestone Business Overview
6.1.3 Prestone Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.1.4 Prestone Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Prestone Recent Developments
6.2 Shell
6.2.1 Shell Comapny Information
6.2.2 Shell Business Overview
6.2.3 Shell Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.2.4 Shell Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Shell Recent Developments
6.3 Exxon Mobil
6.3.1 Exxon Mobil Comapny Information
6.3.2 Exxon Mobil Business Overview
6.3.3 Exxon Mobil Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.3.4 Exxon Mobil Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Exxon Mobil Recent Developments
6.4 Castrol
6.4.1 Castrol Comapny Information
6.4.2 Castrol Business Overview
6.4.3 Castrol Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.4.4 Castrol Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Castrol Recent Developments
6.5 Total
6.5.1 Total Comapny Information
6.5.2 Total Business Overview
6.5.3 Total Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.5.4 Total Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Total Recent Developments
6.6 CCI
6.6.1 CCI Comapny Information
6.6.2 CCI Business Overview
6.6.3 CCI Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.6.4 CCI Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.6.5 CCI Recent Developments
6.7 BASF
6.7.1 BASF Comapny Information
6.7.2 BASF Business Overview
6.7.3 BASF Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.7.4 BASF Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.7.5 BASF Recent Developments
6.8 Old World Industries
6.8.1 Old World Industries Comapny Information
6.8.2 Old World Industries Business Overview
6.8.3 Old World Industries Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.8.4 Old World Industries Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Old World Industries Recent Developments
6.9 Valvoline
6.9.1 Valvoline Comapny Information
6.9.2 Valvoline Business Overview
6.9.3 Valvoline Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.9.4 Valvoline Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Valvoline Recent Developments
6.10 Sinopec
6.10.1 Sinopec Comapny Information
6.10.2 Sinopec Business Overview
6.10.3 Sinopec Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.10.4 Sinopec Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Sinopec Recent Developments
6.11 CNPC
6.11.1 CNPC Comapny Information
6.11.2 CNPC Business Overview
6.11.3 CNPC Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.11.4 CNPC Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.11.5 CNPC Recent Developments
6.12 Lanzhou BlueStar
6.12.1 Lanzhou BlueStar Comapny Information
6.12.2 Lanzhou BlueStar Business Overview
6.12.3 Lanzhou BlueStar Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.12.4 Lanzhou BlueStar Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Lanzhou BlueStar Recent Developments
6.13 Zhongkun Petrochemical
6.13.1 Zhongkun Petrochemical Comapny Information
6.13.2 Zhongkun Petrochemical Business Overview
6.13.3 Zhongkun Petrochemical Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.13.4 Zhongkun Petrochemical Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Zhongkun Petrochemical Recent Developments
6.14 KMCO
6.14.1 KMCO Comapny Information
6.14.2 KMCO Business Overview
6.14.3 KMCO Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.14.4 KMCO Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.14.5 KMCO Recent Developments
6.15 Chevron
6.15.1 Chevron Comapny Information
6.15.2 Chevron Business Overview
6.15.3 Chevron Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.15.4 Chevron Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Chevron Recent Developments
6.16 China-TEEC
6.16.1 China-TEEC Comapny Information
6.16.2 China-TEEC Business Overview
6.16.3 China-TEEC Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.16.4 China-TEEC Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.16.5 China-TEEC Recent Developments
6.17 Guangdong Delian
6.17.1 Guangdong Delian Comapny Information
6.17.2 Guangdong Delian Business Overview
6.17.3 Guangdong Delian Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.17.4 Guangdong Delian Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Guangdong Delian Recent Developments
6.18 SONAX
6.18.1 SONAX Comapny Information
6.18.2 SONAX Business Overview
6.18.3 SONAX Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.18.4 SONAX Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.18.5 SONAX Recent Developments
6.19 Getz Nordic
6.19.1 Getz Nordic Comapny Information
6.19.2 Getz Nordic Business Overview
6.19.3 Getz Nordic Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.19.4 Getz Nordic Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.19.5 Getz Nordic Recent Developments
6.20 Kost USA
6.20.1 Kost USA Comapny Information
6.20.2 Kost USA Business Overview
6.20.3 Kost USA Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.20.4 Kost USA Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.20.5 Kost USA Recent Developments
6.21 Amsoil
6.21.1 Amsoil Comapny Information
6.21.2 Amsoil Business Overview
6.21.3 Amsoil Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.21.4 Amsoil Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.21.5 Amsoil Recent Developments
6.22 Recochem
6.22.1 Recochem Comapny Information
6.22.2 Recochem Business Overview
6.22.3 Recochem Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.22.4 Recochem Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.22.5 Recochem Recent Developments
6.23 MITAN
6.23.1 MITAN Comapny Information
6.23.2 MITAN Business Overview
6.23.3 MITAN Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.23.4 MITAN Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.23.5 MITAN Recent Developments
6.24 Gulf Oil International
6.24.1 Gulf Oil International Comapny Information
6.24.2 Gulf Oil International Business Overview
6.24.3 Gulf Oil International Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.24.4 Gulf Oil International Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.24.5 Gulf Oil International Recent Developments
6.25 Paras Lubricants
6.25.1 Paras Lubricants Comapny Information
6.25.2 Paras Lubricants Business Overview
6.25.3 Paras Lubricants Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.25.4 Paras Lubricants Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.25.5 Paras Lubricants Recent Developments
6.26 Solar Applied Materials
6.26.1 Solar Applied Materials Comapny Information
6.26.2 Solar Applied Materials Business Overview
6.26.3 Solar Applied Materials Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.26.4 Solar Applied Materials Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.26.5 Solar Applied Materials Recent Developments
6.27 Pentosin
6.27.1 Pentosin Comapny Information
6.27.2 Pentosin Business Overview
6.27.3 Pentosin Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.27.4 Pentosin Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.27.5 Pentosin Recent Developments
6.28 Millers Oils
6.28.1 Millers Oils Comapny Information
6.28.2 Millers Oils Business Overview
6.28.3 Millers Oils Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.28.4 Millers Oils Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.28.5 Millers Oils Recent Developments
6.29 Evans
6.29.1 Evans Comapny Information
6.29.2 Evans Business Overview
6.29.3 Evans Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.29.4 Evans Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.29.5 Evans Recent Developments
6.30 ABRO
6.30.1 ABRO Comapny Information
6.30.2 ABRO Business Overview
6.30.3 ABRO Automotive Coolant Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.30.4 ABRO Automotive Coolant Product Portfolio
6.30.5 ABRO Recent Developments
7 North America by Country
7.1 North America Automotive Coolant Sales by Country
7.1.1 North America Automotive Coolant Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.1.2 North America Automotive Coolant Sales by Country (2019-2024)
7.1.3 North America Automotive Coolant Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
7.2 North America Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country
7.2.1 North America Automotive Coolant Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
7.2.2 North America Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
7.2.3 North America Automotive Coolant Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8 Europe by Country
8.1 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales by Country
8.1.1 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.1.2 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales by Country (2019-2024)
8.1.3 Europe Automotive Coolant Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
8.2 Europe Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Europe Automotive Coolant Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
8.2.2 Europe Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
8.2.3 Europe Automotive Coolant Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country
9.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales by Country
9.1.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.1.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales by Country (2019-2024)
9.1.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
9.2.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
9.2.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10 Latin America by Country
10.1 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales by Country
10.1.1 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.1.2 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales by Country (2019-2024)
10.1.3 Latin America Automotive Coolant Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
10.2 Latin America Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country
10.2.1 Latin America Automotive Coolant Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
10.2.2 Latin America Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
10.2.3 Latin America Automotive Coolant Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11 Middle East and Africa by Country
11.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales by Country
11.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales by Country (2019-2024)
11.1.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Sales Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
11.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country
11.2.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
11.2.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
11.2.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Market Size Forecast by Country (2025-2030)
12 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
12.1 Automotive Coolant Value Chain Analysis
12.1.1 Automotive Coolant Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
12.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
12.1.4 Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.1.5 Automotive Coolant Production Mode & Process
12.2 Automotive Coolant Sales Channels Analysis
12.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
12.2.2 Automotive Coolant Distributors
12.2.3 Automotive Coolant Customers
13 Concluding Insights
14 Appendix
14.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
14.2 Research Methodology
14.3 Research Process
14.4 Authors List of This Report
14.5 Data Source
14.5.1 Secondary Sources
14.5.2 Primary Sources
14.6 Disclaimer

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