Global Application Modernization Services Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2019-2030

Global Application Modernization Services Market by Size, by Type, by Application, by Region, History and Forecast 2019-2030


Application modernization is the refactoring, re-purposing or consolidation of legacy software programming to align it more closely with current business needs.

The goal of an application modernization project is to create new business value from existing applications. An application is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application program. Keeping legacy applications running smoothly can be a time-consuming, resource-intensive process, especially when the software becomes so outdated that it becomes incompatible with newer versions of the underlying operating system (OS) or system hardware.

According to APO Research, The global Application Modernization Services market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2030, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.

Global Application Modernization Services key players include IBM, Atos, Cognizant, Accenture, etc. Global top four manufacturers hold a share over 55%.

United States is the largest market, with a share about 35%, followed by Europe and China, both have a share about 35 percent.

In terms of product, Cobol is the largest segment, with a share over 60%. And in terms of application, the largest application is Emulation, followed by Translation, Business rules extraction, etc.

Report Includes

This report presents an overview of global market for Application Modernization Services, market size. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue data for 2019 - 2023, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.

This report researches the key producers of Application Modernization Services, also provides the revenue of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Application Modernization Services, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Application Modernization Services revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Application Modernization Services market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, revenue, and growth rate, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Application Modernization Services revenue, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.

Descriptive company profiles of the major global players, including Accenture, Atos, Bell Integrator, Capgemini, Cognizant, Fujitsu, HCL, IBM and Macrosoft Inc., etc.

Application Modernization Services segment by Company

Accenture
Atos
Bell Integrator
Capgemini
Cognizant
Fujitsu
HCL
IBM
Macrosoft Inc.
Tech Mahindra
TCS
Wipro
Infosys
DXC
Blu Age
TSRI
Modern Systems
Trinity Millennium
Micro Focus
Software Mining
Semantic Designs
Evolveware
Mapador
Fresche Solutions Inc.
Asysco
Expersolve
Metaware
MOST Technologies
Freesoft
Language Portability Solutions

Application Modernization Services segment by Type

Cobol
ADA
PL/1
RPG
Assembler
PowerBuilder
Others

Application Modernization Services segment by Application

Emulation
Translation
Business Rules Extraction

Application Modernization Services segment by Region

North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE

Study Objectives

1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

Reasons to Buy This Report

1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Application Modernization Services market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Application Modernization Services and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Application Modernization Services.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (product type, application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. Revenue of Application Modernization Services in global and regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and capacity of each country in the world. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Analysis key trends, drivers, challenges, and opportunities within the global Application Modernization Services industry.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Application Modernization Services companies' competitive landscape, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the revenue, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the revenue, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Provides profiles of key companies, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Application Modernization Servicesrevenue, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 7: North America (US & Canada) by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 8: Europe by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 9: China by type, and by application, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Asia (excluding China) by type, by application and by region, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: MEALA by type, by application and by country, revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Concluding Insights of the report.


1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Cobol
1.2.3 ADA
1.2.4 PL/1
1.2.5 RPG
1.2.6 Assembler
1.2.7 PowerBuilder
1.2.8 Others
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size Growth Rate by Application: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Emulation
1.3.3 Translation
1.3.4 Business Rules Extraction
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.5 Global Application Modernization Services Growth Trends by Region
1.5.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.5.2 Application Modernization Services Market Size by Region (2019-2024)
1.5.3 Application Modernization Services Market Size by Region (2025-2030)
1.6 Assumptions and Limitations
1.7 Study Goals and Objectives
1.8 Years Considered
2 Global Application Modernization Services Market Dynamics
2.1 Application Modernization Services Industry Trends
2.2 Application Modernization Services Industry Drivers
2.3 Application Modernization Services Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Application Modernization Services Industry Restraints
3 Competitive Landscape by Company
3.1 Global Application Modernization Services Revenue by Company (2019-2024)
3.2 Global Application Modernization Services Players Revenue Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
3.3 Global Application Modernization Services Key Company Head office and Area Served
3.4 Global Application Modernization Services Company, Product Type & Application
3.5 Global Application Modernization Services Company Commercialization Time
3.6 Market Competitive Analysis
3.6.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market CR5 and HHI
3.6.2 Global Top 5 and 10 Application Modernization Services Players Market Share by Revenue in 2023
3.6.3 2023 Application Modernization Services Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
4 Application Modernization Services Market by Type
4.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
4.2 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2030)
4.3 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size Share by Type (2019-2030)
5 Application Modernization Services Market by Application
5.1 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
5.2 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Application Modernization Services Market Size Share by Application (2019-2030)
6 Company Profiles
6.1 Accenture
6.1.1 Accenture Comapny Information
6.1.2 Accenture Business Overview
6.1.3 Accenture Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.1.4 Accenture Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Accenture Recent Developments
6.2 Atos
6.2.1 Atos Comapny Information
6.2.2 Atos Business Overview
6.2.3 Atos Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.2.4 Atos Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Atos Recent Developments
6.3 Bell Integrator
6.3.1 Bell Integrator Comapny Information
6.3.2 Bell Integrator Business Overview
6.3.3 Bell Integrator Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.3.4 Bell Integrator Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Bell Integrator Recent Developments
6.4 Capgemini
6.4.1 Capgemini Comapny Information
6.4.2 Capgemini Business Overview
6.4.3 Capgemini Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.4.4 Capgemini Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Capgemini Recent Developments
6.5 Cognizant
6.5.1 Cognizant Comapny Information
6.5.2 Cognizant Business Overview
6.5.3 Cognizant Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.5.4 Cognizant Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Cognizant Recent Developments
6.6 Fujitsu
6.6.1 Fujitsu Comapny Information
6.6.2 Fujitsu Business Overview
6.6.3 Fujitsu Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.6.4 Fujitsu Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Fujitsu Recent Developments
6.7 HCL
6.7.1 HCL Comapny Information
6.7.2 HCL Business Overview
6.7.3 HCL Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.7.4 HCL Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.7.5 HCL Recent Developments
6.8 IBM
6.8.1 IBM Comapny Information
6.8.2 IBM Business Overview
6.8.3 IBM Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.8.4 IBM Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.8.5 IBM Recent Developments
6.9 Macrosoft Inc.
6.9.1 Macrosoft Inc. Comapny Information
6.9.2 Macrosoft Inc. Business Overview
6.9.3 Macrosoft Inc. Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.9.4 Macrosoft Inc. Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Macrosoft Inc. Recent Developments
6.10 Tech Mahindra
6.10.1 Tech Mahindra Comapny Information
6.10.2 Tech Mahindra Business Overview
6.10.3 Tech Mahindra Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.10.4 Tech Mahindra Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.10.5 Tech Mahindra Recent Developments
6.11 TCS
6.11.1 TCS Comapny Information
6.11.2 TCS Business Overview
6.11.3 TCS Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.11.4 TCS Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.11.5 TCS Recent Developments
6.12 Wipro
6.12.1 Wipro Comapny Information
6.12.2 Wipro Business Overview
6.12.3 Wipro Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.12.4 Wipro Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.12.5 Wipro Recent Developments
6.13 Infosys
6.13.1 Infosys Comapny Information
6.13.2 Infosys Business Overview
6.13.3 Infosys Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.13.4 Infosys Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.13.5 Infosys Recent Developments
6.14 DXC
6.14.1 DXC Comapny Information
6.14.2 DXC Business Overview
6.14.3 DXC Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.14.4 DXC Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.14.5 DXC Recent Developments
6.15 Blu Age
6.15.1 Blu Age Comapny Information
6.15.2 Blu Age Business Overview
6.15.3 Blu Age Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.15.4 Blu Age Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.15.5 Blu Age Recent Developments
6.16 TSRI
6.16.1 TSRI Comapny Information
6.16.2 TSRI Business Overview
6.16.3 TSRI Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.16.4 TSRI Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.16.5 TSRI Recent Developments
6.17 Modern Systems
6.17.1 Modern Systems Comapny Information
6.17.2 Modern Systems Business Overview
6.17.3 Modern Systems Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.17.4 Modern Systems Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.17.5 Modern Systems Recent Developments
6.18 Trinity Millennium
6.18.1 Trinity Millennium Comapny Information
6.18.2 Trinity Millennium Business Overview
6.18.3 Trinity Millennium Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.18.4 Trinity Millennium Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.18.5 Trinity Millennium Recent Developments
6.19 Micro Focus
6.19.1 Micro Focus Comapny Information
6.19.2 Micro Focus Business Overview
6.19.3 Micro Focus Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.19.4 Micro Focus Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.19.5 Micro Focus Recent Developments
6.20 Software Mining
6.20.1 Software Mining Comapny Information
6.20.2 Software Mining Business Overview
6.20.3 Software Mining Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.20.4 Software Mining Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.20.5 Software Mining Recent Developments
6.21 Semantic Designs
6.21.1 Semantic Designs Comapny Information
6.21.2 Semantic Designs Business Overview
6.21.3 Semantic Designs Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.21.4 Semantic Designs Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.21.5 Semantic Designs Recent Developments
6.22 Evolveware
6.22.1 Evolveware Comapny Information
6.22.2 Evolveware Business Overview
6.22.3 Evolveware Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.22.4 Evolveware Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.22.5 Evolveware Recent Developments
6.23 Mapador
6.23.1 Mapador Comapny Information
6.23.2 Mapador Business Overview
6.23.3 Mapador Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.23.4 Mapador Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.23.5 Mapador Recent Developments
6.24 Fresche Solutions Inc.
6.24.1 Fresche Solutions Inc. Comapny Information
6.24.2 Fresche Solutions Inc. Business Overview
6.24.3 Fresche Solutions Inc. Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.24.4 Fresche Solutions Inc. Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.24.5 Fresche Solutions Inc. Recent Developments
6.25 Asysco
6.25.1 Asysco Comapny Information
6.25.2 Asysco Business Overview
6.25.3 Asysco Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.25.4 Asysco Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.25.5 Asysco Recent Developments
6.26 Expersolve
6.26.1 Expersolve Comapny Information
6.26.2 Expersolve Business Overview
6.26.3 Expersolve Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.26.4 Expersolve Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.26.5 Expersolve Recent Developments
6.27 Metaware
6.27.1 Metaware Comapny Information
6.27.2 Metaware Business Overview
6.27.3 Metaware Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.27.4 Metaware Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.27.5 Metaware Recent Developments
6.28 MOST Technologies
6.28.1 MOST Technologies Comapny Information
6.28.2 MOST Technologies Business Overview
6.28.3 MOST Technologies Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.28.4 MOST Technologies Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.28.5 MOST Technologies Recent Developments
6.29 Freesoft
6.29.1 Freesoft Comapny Information
6.29.2 Freesoft Business Overview
6.29.3 Freesoft Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.29.4 Freesoft Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.29.5 Freesoft Recent Developments
6.30 Language Portability Solutions
6.30.1 Language Portability Solutions Comapny Information
6.30.2 Language Portability Solutions Business Overview
6.30.3 Language Portability Solutions Application Modernization Services Revenue and Gross Margin (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
6.30.4 Language Portability Solutions Application Modernization Services Product Portfolio
6.30.5 Language Portability Solutions Recent Developments
7 North America
7.1 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size (2019-2030)
7.2 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type
7.2.1 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
7.2.2 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
7.2.3 North America Application Modernization Services Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
7.3 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application
7.3.1 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
7.3.2 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
7.3.3 North America Application Modernization Services Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
7.4 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country
7.4.1 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
7.4.2 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
7.4.3 North America Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
7.4.4 North America Application Modernization Services Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
7.4.5 United States
7.4.6 Canada
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size (2019-2030)
8.2 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type
8.2.1 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
8.2.2 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
8.2.3 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
8.3 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application
8.3.1 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
8.3.2 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
8.3.3 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
8.4 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country
8.4.1 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
8.4.2 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
8.4.3 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
8.4.4 Europe Application Modernization Services Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
8.4.5 Germany
8.4.6 France
8.4.7 U.K.
8.4.8 Italy
8.4.9 Russia
8.4.10 Nordic Countries
9 China
9.1 China Application Modernization Services Market Size (2019-2030)
9.2 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type
9.2.1 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
9.2.2 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
9.2.3 China Application Modernization Services Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
9.3 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application
9.3.1 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
9.3.2 China Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
9.3.3 China Application Modernization Services Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
10 Asia
10.1 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size (2019-2030)
10.2 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type
10.2.1 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
10.2.2 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
10.2.3 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
10.3 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application
10.3.1 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
10.3.2 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
10.3.3 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
10.4 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country
10.4.1 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
10.4.2 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
10.4.3 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
10.4.4 Asia Application Modernization Services Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
10.4.5 Japan
10.4.6 South Korea
10.4.7 China Taiwan
10.4.8 Southeast Asia
10.4.9 India
10.4.10 Australia
11 MEALA
11.1 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size (2019-2030)
11.2 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type
11.2.1 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2019-2024)
11.2.2 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Type (2025-2030)
11.2.3 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
11.3 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application
11.3.1 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2019-2024)
11.3.2 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Application (2025-2030)
11.3.3 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
11.4 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country
11.4.1 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
11.4.2 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2019-2024)
11.4.3 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Size by Country (2025-2030)
11.4.4 MEALA Application Modernization Services Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
11.4.5 Brazil
11.4.6 Mexico
11.4.7 Turkey
11.4.8 Israel
11.4.9 GCC Countries
12 Concluding Insights
13 Appendix
13.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
13.2 Research Methodology
13.3 Research Process
13.4 Authors List of This Report
13.5 Data Source
13.5.1 Secondary Sources
13.5.2 Primary Sources
13.6 Disclaimer

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