Rat & mouse models are fundamental tools in biomedical research, serving as analogs for studying human physiology, genetics, pharmacology, and disease pathogenesis. These models have specifically bred rodents used to understand disease mechanisms, assess drug efficacy, and evaluate genetic contributions to health and disease. The choice between rat and mouse models is determined based on the research objectives, with each offering unique advantages in terms of genetics, size, and physiological similarities to humans. Innovations in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and other genetic manipulation tools have significantly improved the precision and efficiency of creating genetically modified rat and mouse models. There is a substantial rise in funding from government bodies, non-profit organizations, and the private sector towards biomedical research activities, including the development and use of rat and mouse models. However, the development and improvement of alternative research methods, such as organ-on-a-chip and computer modeling, might reduce reliance on animal models for some types of research. Furthermore, many human diseases are multifactorial and complex, making it challenging to fully replicate human pathologies in rat and mouse models. Ensuring the replicability of the studies is complicated by variability in genetic backgrounds, environmental conditions, and methodological differences. Key players are exploring ongoing advancements in genetic engineering and offering opportunities to create more accurate and disease-specific rat and mouse models. Combining rat and mouse models with emerging technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, opens new avenues for in-depth genetic analysis and understanding of disease mechanisms.
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